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Nowadays, sharding is deemed as a promising way to save traditional blockchain protocols from their low scalability. However, such technique also brings several potential risks and huge communication overheads. An improper design may give…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-03 Mengqian Zhang , Jichen Li , Zhaohua Chen , Hongyin Chen , Xiaotie Deng

Although blockchain, the supporting technology of various cryptocurrencies, has offered a potentially effective framework for numerous decentralized trust management systems, its performance is still sub-optimal in real-world networks. With…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Canran Wang , Netanel Raviv

Blockchain technology has been gaining great interest from a variety of sectors, including healthcare, supply chain and cryptocurrencies. However, Blockchain suffers from its limited ability to scale (i.e. low throughput and high latency).…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-13 Abdelatif Hafid , Abdelhakim Senhaji Hafid , Adil Senhaji

Sharding is used to improve the scalability and performance of blockchain systems. We investigate the stability of blockchain sharding, where transactions are continuously generated by an adversarial model. The system consists of $n$…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Ramesh Adhikari , Costas Busch , Dariusz R. Kowalski

Blockchain technology offers decentralization and security but struggles with scalability, particularly in enterprise settings where efficiency and controlled access are paramount. Sharding is a promising solution for private blockchains,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-09 M. Z. Haider , M. Dias de Assuncao , Kaiwen Zhang

Sharding is a technique to speed up transaction processing in blockchains, where the $n$ processing nodes in the blockchain are divided into $s$ disjoint groups (shards) that can process transactions in parallel. We study dynamic scheduling…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Ramesh Adhikari , Costas Busch , Miroslav Popovic

Sharding distributed ledgers is a promising on-chain solution for scaling blockchains but lacks formal grounds, nurturing skepticism on whether such complex systems can scale blockchains securely. We fill this gap by introducing the first…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Georgia Avarikioti , Antoine Desjardins , Eleftherios Kokoris-Kogias , Roger Wattenhofer

After the success of the Bitcoin blockchain, came several cryptocurrencies and blockchain solutions in the last decade. Nonetheless, Blockchain-based systems still suffer from low transaction rates and high transaction processing latencies,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Ankit Gangwal , Haripriya Ravali Gangavalli , Apoorva Thirupathi

Existing blockchain sharding protocols have focused on eliminating imbalanced workload distributions. However, even with workload balance, disparities in processing capabilities can lead to differential stress among shards, resulting in…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Xinpeng Huang , Wanqing Jie , Shiwen Zhang , Haofu Yang , Wangjie Qiu , Qinnan Zhang , Huawei Huang , Zehui Xiong , Shaoting Tang , Hongwei Zheng , Zhiming Zheng

Traditional public distributed ledgers have not been able to scale-out well and work efficiently. Sharding is deemed as a promising way to solve this problem. By partitioning all nodes into small committees and letting them work in…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-04-07 Mengqian Zhang , Jichen Li , Zhaohua Chen , Hongyin Chen , Xiaotie Deng

Blockchain like Bitcoin and Ethereum suffer from scalability issues. Sharding is one of the most promising and leading solutions to scale blockchain. The basic idea behind sharding is to divide the blockchain network into multiple…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-04-16 Hafid Abdelatif , Senhaji Hafid Abdelhakim , Samih Mustapha

Cryptocurrencies, implemented with blockchain protocols, promise to become a global payment system if they can overcome performance limitations. Rapidly advancing architectures improve on latency and throughput, but most require all…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-09-17 Alex Manuskin , Michael Mirkin , Ittay Eyal

Blockchain has received much attention in recent years. This immense popularity has raised a number of concerns, scalability of blockchain systems being a common one. In this paper, we seek to understand how Ethereum, a well-established…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-05-10 Enrique Fynn , Fernando Pedone

In today's blockchain system, designing a secure and high throughput blockchain on par with a centralized payment system is a difficult task. Sharding is one of the most worthwhile emerging technologies for improving the system throughput…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Chenyu Huang , Zeyu Wang , Huangxun Chen , Qiwei Hu , Qian Zhang , Wei Wang , Xia Guan

Sharding has emerged as a critical solution to address the scalability challenges faced by blockchain networks, enabling them to achieve higher transaction throughput, reduced latency, and optimized resource usage. This paper investigates…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Ziwei Wang , Cong Wu , Paolo Tasca

Today's blockchain designs suffer from a trilemma claiming that no blockchain system can simultaneously achieve decentralization, security, and performance scalability. For current blockchain systems, as more nodes join the network, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-01-28 Songze Li , Mingchao Yu , Chien-Sheng Yang , A. Salman Avestimehr , Sreeram Kannan , Pramod Viswanath

Sharding is a prominent technique for scaling blockchains. By dividing the network into smaller components known as shards, a sharded blockchain can process transactions in parallel without introducing inconsistencies through the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Jianting Zhang , Wuhui Chen , Sifu Luo , Tiantian Gong , Zicong Hong , Aniket Kate

Sharding is a way to address scalability problem in blockchain technologies. Ethereum, a prominent blockchain technology, has included sharding in its roadmap to increase its throughput. The plan is also to include multiple execution…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-05-19 Raghavendra Ramesh

Low transaction throughput and poor scalability are significant issues in public blockchain consensus protocols such as Bitcoins. Recent research efforts in this direction have proposed shard-based consensus protocols where the key idea is…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-09-26 Mohammad Hossein Manshaei , Murtuza Jadliwala , Anindya Maiti , Mahdi Fooladgar

In order to fully unlock the transformative power of distributed ledgers and blockchains, it is crucial to develop innovative consensus algorithms that can overcome the obstacles of security, scalability, and interoperability, which…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Amirhossein Taherpour , Xiaodong Wang