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Cell-free massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) has recently gained a lot of attention due to its high potential in sixth-generation (6G) wireless systems. The goal of this paper is to first present a unified modeling for massive MIMO,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Wei Jiang , Hans D. Schotten

Holographic Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (HMIMO), which densely integrates numerous antennas into a limited space, is anticipated to provide higher rates for future 6G wireless communications. The increase in antenna aperture size makes…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-17 Houfeng Chen , Shuhao Zeng , Hao Guo , Tommy Svensson , Hongliang Zhang

This paper addresses the challenge of channel estimation in extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) systems, pivotal for the advancement of 6G communications. XL-MIMO systems, characterized by their vast antenna…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-22 Sunho Kim , Wan Choi

This paper explores the integration of simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) with gigantic multiple-input multiple-output (gMIMO) technology operating in the upper mid-band frequency range (7-24 GHz). The near-field…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-03 Özlem Tugfe Demir , Mustafa Ozger , Ferdi Kara , Woong-Hee Lee , Emil Björnson

Next generation cellular deployments are expected to exploit the 6-24 GHz frequency range 3 (FR3) and extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) to enable ultra-high data rates and reliability. However, the significantly…

We study the design of receivers in extra-large scale MIMO (XL-MIMO) systems, i.e. systems in which the base station is equipped with an antenna array of extremely large dimensions. While XL-MIMO can significantly increase the system's…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-15 Abolfazl Amiri , Sajad Rezaie , Carles Navarro Manchon , Elisabeth de Carvalho

Extremely large-scale massive multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) is one of the key technologies for next-generation wireless communication systems. However, acquiring the accurate high-dimensional channel matrix of XL-MIMO remains a…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-21 Shuang shuang Li , Peihao Dong

With the increase of multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) array size and carrier frequency, near-field MIMO communications will become crucial in 6G wireless networks. Due to the increase of MIMO near-field range, the research of…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-23 Haiyang Miao , Jianhua Zhang , Pan Tang , Heng Wang , Lei Tian , Guangyi Liu

In this paper, we investigate the near-field modelling and analyze the beam focusing pattern for modular extremely large-scale array (XL-array) communications. As modular XL-array is physically and electrically large in general, the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Xinrui Li , Zhenjun Dong , Yong Zeng , Shi Jin , Rui Zhang

In this paper, a Full Duplex (FD) eXtremely Large (XL) Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) node equipped with reconfigurable metasurface antennas at its transmission and reception sides is considered, which is optimized for simultaneous…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-18 Ioannis Gavras , George C. Alexandropoulos

The upper 6 GHz (U6G) band with XL-MIMO is a key enabler for sixth-generation wireless systems, yet intelligent radiomap prediction for such systems remains challenging. Existing datasets support only small-scale arrays (up to 8x8) with…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-09 Xiaojie Li , Yu Han , Zhizheng Lu , Shi Jin , Chao-Kai Wen

The unconventionally large aperture of extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) arrays, in conjunction with the wider bandwidths in the upper-6 GHz (U6G) frequency bands, will very likely lead to non-negligible beam…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-12 Zhizheng Lu , Yu Han , Xiaojie Li , Shi Jin , Michail Matthaiou

Ultra-dense cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (CF-MMIMO) has emerged as a promising technology expected to meet the future ubiquitous connectivity requirements and ever-growing data traffic demands in 6G. This article…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Hien Quoc Ngo , Giovanni Interdonato , Erik G. Larsson , Giuseppe Caire , Jeffrey G. Andrews

Multi-user Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) offers big advantages over conventional point-to-point MIMO: it works with cheap single-antenna terminals, a rich scattering environment is not required, and resource allocation is simplified…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-18 Erik G. Larsson , Ove Edfors , Fredrik Tufvesson , Thomas L. Marzetta

Existing near-field channel estimation methods for extremely large-scale MIMO (XL-MIMO) typically discretize angle and range parameters jointly, resulting in large polar-domain codebooks. This paper proposes a novel framework that…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-15 Feng Xi , Dehui Yang

The frequency range around 7 GHz has emerged as a promising upper mid-band spectrum for 6th generation (6G), offering a practical balance between coverage and capacity. To fully exploit this band, however, future systems require…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Seunghyun Lee , Jungmin Yoon , Sangwon Jung , Young-Han Nam , Gary Xu , Chan-Byoung Chae , Juho Lee , Jianzhong , Zhang

Environment-aware 6G wireless networks demand the deep integration of multimodal and wireless data. However, most existing datasets are confined to 2D terrestrial far-field scenarios, lacking the 3D spatial context and near-field…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-22 Mengyuan Li , Qianfan Lu , Jiachen Tian , Hongjun Hu , Yu Han , Xiao Li , Chao-Kai Wen , Shi Jin

Future sixth-generation (6G) systems are expected to leverage extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) technology, which significantly expands the range of the near-field region. The spherical wavefront characteristics…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Shicong Liu , Xianghao Yu , Zhen Gao , Jie Xu , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng , Shuguang Cui

Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) is a promising technology for enabling cellular-connected unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communications in the future. Equipped with full-dimensional large arrays, ground base stations (GBSs) can…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-10-14 Yi Huang , Qingqing Wu , Rui Lu , Xiaoming Peng , Rui Zhang

Extremely large-scale multiple-input-multiple-output (XL-MIMO) is a promising technique to achieve ultra-high spectral efficiency for future 6G communications. The mixed line-of-sight (LoS) and non-line-of-sight (NLoS) XL-MIMO near-field…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-18 Ming Ye , Xiao Liang , Cunhua Pan , Yinfei Xu , Ming Jiang , Chunguo Li