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Large language models (LLMs) are typically trained on enormous quantities of unlicensed text, a practice that has led to scrutiny due to possible intellectual property infringement and ethical concerns. Training LLMs on openly licensed text…

Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have showcased remarkable capabilities in natural language understanding. While demonstrating proficiency in everyday conversations and question-answering situations, these models frequently struggle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-28 Chaoyi Wu , Weixiong Lin , Xiaoman Zhang , Ya Zhang , Yanfeng Wang , Weidi Xie

Language models have achieved remarkable performance on a wide range of tasks that require natural language understanding. Nevertheless, state-of-the-art models have generally struggled with tasks that require quantitative reasoning, such…

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across a wide range of tasks, yet the majority of high-performing models remain closed-source or partially open, limiting transparency and reproducibility. In this work,…

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance on a variety of natural language tasks based on just a few examples of natural language instructions, reducing the need for extensive feature engineering. However, most…

Large Language Models are increasingly used by students to explore advanced material in computer science, including graph theory. As these tools become integrated into undergraduate and graduate coursework, it is important to understand how…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Adithya Kulkarni , Mohna Chakraborty , Jay Bagga

The tool-use Large Language Models (LLMs) that integrate with external Python interpreters have significantly enhanced mathematical reasoning capabilities for open-source LLMs, while tool-free methods chose another track: augmenting math…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Shuo Yin , Weihao You , Zhilong Ji , Guoqiang Zhong , Jinfeng Bai

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable reasoning capability in solving mathematical problems. However, existing approaches primarily focus on improving the quality of correct training data, e.g., distilling high-quality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Zhuoshi Pan , Yu Li , Honglin Lin , Qizhi Pei , Zinan Tang , Wei Wu , Chenlin Ming , H. Vicky Zhao , Conghui He , Lijun Wu

In this work, we introduce EMMA-500, a large-scale multilingual language model continue-trained on texts across 546 languages designed for enhanced multilingual performance, focusing on improving language coverage for low-resource…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Shaoxiong Ji , Zihao Li , Jaakko Paavola , Peiqin Lin , Pinzhen Chen , Dayyán O'Brien , Hengyu Luo , Hinrich Schütze , Jörg Tiedemann , Barry Haddow

We introduce Latxa, a family of large language models for Basque ranging from 7 to 70 billion parameters. Latxa is based on Llama 2, which we continue pretraining on a new Basque corpus comprising 4.3M documents and 4.2B tokens. Addressing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-23 Julen Etxaniz , Oscar Sainz , Naiara Perez , Itziar Aldabe , German Rigau , Eneko Agirre , Aitor Ormazabal , Mikel Artetxe , Aitor Soroa

In this work, we introduce Gemma 2, a new addition to the Gemma family of lightweight, state-of-the-art open models, ranging in scale from 2 billion to 27 billion parameters. In this new version, we apply several known technical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Gemma Team , Morgane Riviere , Shreya Pathak , Pier Giuseppe Sessa , Cassidy Hardin , Surya Bhupatiraju , Léonard Hussenot , Thomas Mesnard , Bobak Shahriari , Alexandre Ramé , Johan Ferret , Peter Liu , Pouya Tafti , Abe Friesen , Michelle Casbon , Sabela Ramos , Ravin Kumar , Charline Le Lan , Sammy Jerome , Anton Tsitsulin , Nino Vieillard , Piotr Stanczyk , Sertan Girgin , Nikola Momchev , Matt Hoffman , Shantanu Thakoor , Jean-Bastien Grill , Behnam Neyshabur , Olivier Bachem , Alanna Walton , Aliaksei Severyn , Alicia Parrish , Aliya Ahmad , Allen Hutchison , Alvin Abdagic , Amanda Carl , Amy Shen , Andy Brock , Andy Coenen , Anthony Laforge , Antonia Paterson , Ben Bastian , Bilal Piot , Bo Wu , Brandon Royal , Charlie Chen , Chintu Kumar , Chris Perry , Chris Welty , Christopher A. Choquette-Choo , Danila Sinopalnikov , David Weinberger , Dimple Vijaykumar , Dominika Rogozińska , Dustin Herbison , Elisa Bandy , Emma Wang , Eric Noland , Erica Moreira , Evan Senter , Evgenii Eltyshev , Francesco Visin , Gabriel Rasskin , Gary Wei , Glenn Cameron , Gus Martins , Hadi Hashemi , Hanna Klimczak-Plucińska , Harleen Batra , Harsh Dhand , Ivan Nardini , Jacinda Mein , Jack Zhou , James Svensson , Jeff Stanway , Jetha Chan , Jin Peng Zhou , Joana Carrasqueira , Joana Iljazi , Jocelyn Becker , Joe Fernandez , Joost van Amersfoort , Josh Gordon , Josh Lipschultz , Josh Newlan , Ju-yeong Ji , Kareem Mohamed , Kartikeya Badola , Kat Black , Katie Millican , Keelin McDonell , Kelvin Nguyen , Kiranbir Sodhia , Kish Greene , Lars Lowe Sjoesund , Lauren Usui , Laurent Sifre , Lena Heuermann , Leticia Lago , Lilly McNealus , Livio Baldini Soares , Logan Kilpatrick , Lucas Dixon , Luciano Martins , Machel Reid , Manvinder Singh , Mark Iverson , Martin Görner , Mat Velloso , Mateo Wirth , Matt Davidow , Matt Miller , Matthew Rahtz , Matthew Watson , Meg Risdal , Mehran Kazemi , Michael Moynihan , Ming Zhang , Minsuk Kahng , Minwoo Park , Mofi Rahman , Mohit Khatwani , Natalie Dao , Nenshad Bardoliwalla , Nesh Devanathan , Neta Dumai , Nilay Chauhan , Oscar Wahltinez , Pankil Botarda , Parker Barnes , Paul Barham , Paul Michel , Pengchong Jin , Petko Georgiev , Phil Culliton , Pradeep Kuppala , Ramona Comanescu , Ramona Merhej , Reena Jana , Reza Ardeshir Rokni , Rishabh Agarwal , Ryan Mullins , Samaneh Saadat , Sara Mc Carthy , Sarah Cogan , Sarah Perrin , Sébastien M. R. Arnold , Sebastian Krause , Shengyang Dai , Shruti Garg , Shruti Sheth , Sue Ronstrom , Susan Chan , Timothy Jordan , Ting Yu , Tom Eccles , Tom Hennigan , Tomas Kocisky , Tulsee Doshi , Vihan Jain , Vikas Yadav , Vilobh Meshram , Vishal Dharmadhikari , Warren Barkley , Wei Wei , Wenming Ye , Woohyun Han , Woosuk Kwon , Xiang Xu , Zhe Shen , Zhitao Gong , Zichuan Wei , Victor Cotruta , Phoebe Kirk , Anand Rao , Minh Giang , Ludovic Peran , Tris Warkentin , Eli Collins , Joelle Barral , Zoubin Ghahramani , Raia Hadsell , D. Sculley , Jeanine Banks , Anca Dragan , Slav Petrov , Oriol Vinyals , Jeff Dean , Demis Hassabis , Koray Kavukcuoglu , Clement Farabet , Elena Buchatskaya , Sebastian Borgeaud , Noah Fiedel , Armand Joulin , Kathleen Kenealy , Robert Dadashi , Alek Andreev

Large language models (LLMs) have shown great potential to solve varieties of natural language processing (NLP) tasks, including mathematical reasoning. In this work, we present SkyMath, a large language model for mathematics with 13…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Liu Yang , Haihua Yang , Wenjun Cheng , Lei Lin , Chenxia Li , Yifu Chen , Lunan Liu , Jianfei Pan , Tianwen Wei , Biye Li , Liang Zhao , Lijie Wang , Bo Zhu , Guoliang Li , Xuejie Wu , Xilin Luo , Rui Hu

The reproducibility and transparency of large language models are crucial for advancing open research, ensuring the trustworthiness of results, and enabling investigations into data and model biases, as well as potential risks. To this end,…

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable ability to comprehend, reason, and generate following nature language instructions. However, the development of LLMs has been primarily focused on high-resource languages, such as English,…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown excellent performance in language understanding, text generation, code synthesis, and many other tasks, while they still struggle in complex multi-step reasoning problems, such as mathematical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Haolong Li , Yu Ma , Yinqi Zhang , Chen Ye , Jie Chen

Large language models (LLMs) need to serve everyone, including a global majority of non-English speakers. However, most LLMs today, and open LLMs in particular, are often intended for use in just English (e.g. Llama2, Mistral) or a small…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Carolin Holtermann , Paul Röttger , Timm Dill , Anne Lauscher

This paper presents LOLA, a massively multilingual large language model trained on more than 160 languages using a sparse Mixture-of-Experts Transformer architecture. Our architectural and implementation choices address the challenge of…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across a variety of software engineering and coding tasks. However, their application in the domain of code and compiler optimization remains underexplored. Training…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Chris Cummins , Volker Seeker , Dejan Grubisic , Baptiste Roziere , Jonas Gehring , Gabriel Synnaeve , Hugh Leather

Recent math benchmarks for large language models (LLMs) such as MathArena indicate that state-of-the-art reasoning models achieve impressive performance on mathematical competitions like AIME, with the leading model, Gemini-2.5-Pro,…

In recent years, there has been remarkable progress in leveraging Language Models (LMs), encompassing Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) and Large-scale Language Models (LLMs), within the domain of mathematics. This paper conducts a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Wentao Liu , Hanglei Hu , Jie Zhou , Yuyang Ding , Junsong Li , Jiayi Zeng , Mengliang He , Qin Chen , Bo Jiang , Aimin Zhou , Liang He