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Conditional independence (CI) constraints are critical for defining and evaluating fairness in machine learning, as well as for learning unconfounded or causal representations. Traditional methods for ensuring fairness either blindly learn…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Jensen Hwa , Qingyu Zhao , Aditya Lahiri , Adnan Masood , Babak Salimi , Ehsan Adeli

We present Causal Posterior Estimation (CPE), a novel method for Bayesian inference in simulator models, i.e., models where the evaluation of the likelihood function is intractable or too computationally expensive, but where one can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Simon Dirmeier , Antonietta Mira

For high-dimensional classification, it is well known that naively performing the Fisher discriminant rule leads to poor results due to diverging spectra and noise accumulation. Therefore, researchers proposed independence rules to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2011-11-10 Jianqing Fan , Yang Feng , Xin Tong

Despite enormous successful applications of graph neural networks (GNNs), theoretical understanding of their generalization ability, especially for node-level tasks where data are not independent and identically-distributed (IID), has been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-01 Jiaqi Ma , Junwei Deng , Qiaozhu Mei

Deep neural networks have achieved significant success in the last decades, but they are not well-calibrated and often produce unreliable predictions. A large number of literature relies on uncertainty quantification to evaluate the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Russell Alan Hart , Linlin Yu , Yifei Lou , Feng Chen

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in using machine learning techniques for the estimation of treatment effects. Most of the best-performing methods rely on representation learning strategies that encourage shared behavior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Roger Pros , Jordi Vitrià

Causal emergence (CE) based on effective information (EI) demonstrates that macro-states can exhibit stronger causal effects than micro-states in dynamics. However, the identification of CE and the maximization of EI both rely on…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2025-11-25 Kaiwei Liu , Linli Pan , Zhipeng Wang , Mingzhe Yang , Bing Yuan , Jiang Zhang

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have shown superior performance in analyzing attributed networks in various web-based applications such as social recommendation and web search. Nevertheless, in high-stake decision-making scenarios such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Yushun Dong , Ninghao Liu , Brian Jalaian , Jundong Li

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have exhibited prominent performance in learning graph-structured data. Considering node classification task, based on the i.i.d assumption among node labels, the traditional supervised learning simply sums up…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Rui Miao , Kaixiong Zhou , Yili Wang , Ninghao Liu , Ying Wang , Xin Wang

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have shown great power in modeling graph structured data. However, similar to other machine learning models, GNNs may make predictions biased on protected sensitive attributes, e.g., skin color and gender.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-18 Enyan Dai , Suhang Wang

Node importance estimation (NIE) in heterogeneous knowledge graphs is a critical yet challenging task, essential for applications such as recommendation, knowledge reasoning, and question answering. Existing methods often rely on pairwise…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Jiawen Chen , Yanyan He , Qi Shao , Mengli Wei , Duxin Chen , Wenwu Yu , Yanlong Zhao

Graph Neural Network (GNN) research has produced strategies to modify a graph's edges using gradients from a trained GNN, with the goal of network design. However, the factors which govern gradient-based editing are understudied, obscuring…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Donald Loveland , Rajmonda Caceres

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have emerged as a powerful framework for a wide range of node-level graph learning tasks. However, their performance typically depends on random or minimally informed initial feature representations, where poor…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Shiyu Chen , Cencheng Shen , Youngser Park , Carey E. Priebe

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are characterized by their capacity of processing graph-structured data. However, due to the sparsity of labels under semi-supervised learning, they have been found to exhibit biased performance on specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Yihan Zhang

Distributional causal inference requires estimating not only average treatment effects but also interventional outcome distributions, including quantiles, tail risks, and policy-dependent uncertainty. As a method for distributional causal…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-12 Shu Tamano , Masaaki Imaizumi

Distributed learning and Edge AI necessitate efficient data processing, low-latency communication, decentralized model training, and stringent data privacy to facilitate real-time intelligence on edge devices while reducing dependency on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Lucas Heublein , Simon Kocher , Tobias Feigl , Alexander Rügamer , Christopher Mutschler , Felix Ott

Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) show promising results for semi-supervised learning tasks on graphs, thus become favorable comparing with other approaches. Despite the remarkable success of GCNs, it is difficult to train GCNs with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-14 Xianfeng Tang , Huaxiu Yao , Yiwei Sun , Yiqi Wang , Jiliang Tang , Charu Aggarwal , Prasenjit Mitra , Suhang Wang

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are able to achieve high classification accuracy on many important real world datasets, but provide no rigorous notion of predictive uncertainty. Quantifying the confidence of GNN models is difficult due to the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-01-10 Jase Clarkson

Bayesian networks provide a language for qualitatively representing the conditional independence properties of a distribution. This allows a natural and compact representation of the distribution, eases knowledge acquisition, and supports…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-02-18 Craig Boutilier , Nir Friedman , Moises Goldszmidt , Daphne Koller

Developing open-set classification methods capable of classifying in-distribution (ID) data while detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples is essential for deploying graph neural networks (GNNs) in open-world scenarios. Existing methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Xueqi Ma , Xingjun Ma , Sarah Monazam Erfani , Danilo Mandic , James Bailey