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We point out a limitation of the mutual information neural estimation (MINE) where the network fails to learn at the initial training phase, leading to slow convergence in the number of training iterations. To solve this problem, we propose…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-06-03 Chung Chan , Ali Al-Bashabsheh , Hing Pang Huang , Michael Lim , Da Sun Handason Tam , Chao Zhao

Mutual information is widely used in artificial intelligence, in a descriptive way, to measure the stochastic dependence of discrete random variables. In order to address questions such as the reliability of the empirical value, one must…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2008-06-26 Marco Zaffalon , Marcus Hutter

Mutual information is widely used in artificial intelligence, in a descriptive way, to measure the stochastic dependence of discrete random variables. In order to address questions such as the reliability of the empirical value, one must…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-08-08 Marco Zaffalon , Marcus Hutter

The use of Mutual Information (MI) as a measure to evaluate the efficiency of cryptosystems has an extensive history. However, estimating MI between unknown random variables in a high-dimensional space is challenging. Recent advances in…

Mutual information (MI) is a fundamental measure of statistical dependence between two variables, yet accurate estimation from finite data remains notoriously difficult. No estimator is universally reliable, and common approaches fail in…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2025-10-02 Eslam Abdelaleem , K. Michael Martini , Ilya Nemenman

We introduce an information-theoretic quantity with similar properties to mutual information that can be estimated from data without making explicit assumptions on the underlying distribution. This quantity is based on a recently proposed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-31 Oscar Skean , Jhoan Keider Hoyos Osorio , Austin J. Brockmeier , Luis Gonzalo Sanchez Giraldo

Estimating mutual information (MI) is a fundamental task in data science and machine learning. Existing estimators mainly rely on either highly flexible models (e.g., neural networks), which require large amounts of data, or overly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Yanzhi Chen , Zijing Ou , Adrian Weller , Michael U. Gutmann

Variational approaches based on neural networks are showing promise for estimating mutual information (MI) between high dimensional variables. However, they can be difficult to use in practice due to poorly understood bias/variance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-25 Jiaming Song , Stefano Ermon

We derive independence tests by means of dependence measures thresholding in a semiparametric context. Precisely, estimates of phi-mutual informations, associated to phi-divergences between a joint distribution and the product distribution…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2015-08-20 Amor Keziou , Philippe Regnault

Estimating mutual information accurately is pivotal across diverse applications, from machine learning to communications and biology, enabling us to gain insights into the inner mechanisms of complex systems. Yet, dealing with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Nunzio A. Letizia , Nicola Novello , Andrea M. Tonello

Text-to-image generation and image captioning are recently emerged as a new experimental paradigm to assess machine intelligence. They predict continuous quantity accompanied by their sampling techniques in the generation, making evaluation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-27 Jin-Hwa Kim , Yunji Kim , Jiyoung Lee , Kang Min Yoo , Sang-Woo Lee

Segregation is a multi-scale phenomenon that requires careful measurement. A segregation index implicitly defines how the demographic compositions of locations are compared. We identify two properties -- mean-minimisation and invariance --…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-03-17 Rohit Sahasrabuddhe , Renaud Lambiotte

Information theory is an outstanding framework to measure uncertainty, dependence and relevance in data and systems. It has several desirable properties for real world applications: it naturally deals with multivariate data, it can handle…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-10-30 Valero Laparra , J. Emmanuel Johnson , Gustau Camps-Valls , Raul Santos-Rodríguez , Jesus Malo

The estimation of mutual information (MI) or conditional mutual information (CMI) from a set of samples is a long-standing problem. A recent line of work in this area has leveraged the approximation power of artificial neural networks and…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-10-27 Sina Molavipour , Germán Bassi , Mikael Skoglund

Conditional Mutual Information (CMI) is a measure of conditional dependence between random variables X and Y, given another random variable Z. It can be used to quantify conditional dependence among variables in many data-driven inference…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-10 Sudipto Mukherjee , Himanshu Asnani , Sreeram Kannan

We introduce the Mutual Information Machine (MIM), a probabilistic auto-encoder for learning joint distributions over observations and latent variables. MIM reflects three design principles: 1) low divergence, to encourage the encoder and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-24 Micha Livne , Kevin Swersky , David J. Fleet

Determining the strength of non-linear statistical dependencies between two variables is a crucial matter in many research fields. The established measure for quantifying such relations is the mutual information. However, estimating mutual…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2019-07-24 Damián G. Hernández , Inés Samengo

We present a numerical method to evaluate mutual information (MI) in nonlinear Gaussian noise channels by using denoising score matching (DSM) learning for estimating the score function of channel output. Via de Bruijn's identity, Fisher…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Tadashi Wadayama

We study the mutual information estimation for mixed-pair random variables. One random variable is discrete and the other one is continuous. We develop a kernel method to estimate the mutual information between the two random variables. The…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-12-31 Aleksandr Beknazaryan , Xin Dang , Hailin Sang

Since its inception, the neural estimation of mutual information (MI) has demonstrated the empirical success of modeling expected dependency between high-dimensional random variables. However, MI is an aggregate statistic and cannot be used…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-16 Yao-Hung Hubert Tsai , Han Zhao , Makoto Yamada , Louis-Philippe Morency , Ruslan Salakhutdinov