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Future quantum networks will enable the interconnection of multiple users distributed across vast geographic distances. Due to these large separations and limited physical resources, communication will often rely on multi-path routing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-05 Nicolò Lo Piparo , William J. Munro , Kae Nemoto

We present an approach to purification and entanglement routing on complex quantum network architectures, that is, how a quantum network equipped with imperfect channel fidelities and limited memory storage time can distribute entanglement…

The efficacy of a communication network hinges upon both its physical architecture and the protocols that are employed within it. In the context of quantum communications, there exists a fundamental rate-loss tradeoff for point-to-point…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-18 Cillian Harney , Stefano Pirandola

Distributed quantum networks are not merely information conduits but intricate systems that embody the principles of quantum mechanics. In our study, we examine the underlying mechanisms of quantum connectivity within a distributed…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Mst Shapna Akter , Md. Shazzad Hossain Shaon , Tasmin Karim , Md. Fahim Sultan , Emran Kanaan

As quantum key distribution becomes increasingly practical, questions of how to effectively employ it in large-scale networks and over large distances becomes increasingly important. To that end, in this work, we model the performance of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-03 Omar Amer , Walter O. Krawec , Bing Wang

Quantum communication is a growing area of research, with quantum internet being one of the most promising applications. Studying the statistical properties of this network is essential to understanding its connectivity and the efficiency…

Optimal routing in quantum-repeater networks requires finding the best path that connects a pair of end nodes. Most previous work on routing in quantum networks assumes utility functions that are isotonic, meaning that the ordering of two…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-26 Maxwell Tang , Garrett Hinkley , Kenneth Goodenough , Stefan Krastanov , Guus Avis

The optimal performance of a communication network is limited not only by the quality of point-to-point channels, but by the efficacy of its constituent technologies. Understanding the limits of quantum networks requires an understanding of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-13 Cillian Harney , Stefano Pirandola

The past decade has seen tremendous progress in experimentally realizing the building blocks of quantum repeaters. Repeater architectures with multiplexed quantum memories have been proposed to increase entanglement distribution rates, but…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-26 Yuan Lee , Eric Bersin , Axel Dahlberg , Stephanie Wehner , Dirk Englund

In this paper, we consider quantum key distribution (QKD) in a quantum network with both quantum repeaters and a small number of trusted nodes. In contrast to current QKD networks with only trusted nodes and the true Quantum Internet with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-07 Omar Amer , Walter O. Krawec , Victoria U. Manfredi , Bing Wang

Quantum networks enable a number of important applications such as quantum key distribution. The basic function of a quantum network is to enable long-distance quantum entanglement between two remote communication parties. This work focuses…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-10-28 Shouqian Shi , Chen Qian

Existing classical optical network infrastructure cannot be immediately used for quantum network applications due to photon loss. The first step towards enabling quantum networks is the integration of quantum repeaters into optical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-28 Shahrooz Pouryousef , Hassan Shapourian , Alireza Shabani , Ramana Kompella , Don Towsley

Quantum network is a promising platform for many ground-breaking applications that lie beyond the capability of its classical counterparts. Efficient entanglement generation on quantum networks with relatively limited resources such as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-08 Changhao Li , Tianyi Li , Yi-Xiang Liu , Paola Cappellaro

We analyze how the performance of a quantum-repeater network depends on the protocol employed to distribute entanglement, and we find that the choice of repeater-to-repeater link protocol has a profound impact on communication rate as a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-24 Cody Jones , Danny Kim , Matthew T. Rakher , Paul G. Kwiat , Thaddeus D. Ladd

Entanglement routing in near-term quantum networks consists of choosing the optimal sequence of short-range entanglements to combine through swapping operations to establish end-to-end entanglement between two distant nodes. Similar to…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Amar Abane , Michael Cubeddu , Van Sy Mai , Abdella Battou

Remote quantum entanglement can enable numerous applications including distributed quantum computation, secure communication, and precision sensing. In this paper, we consider how a quantum network-nodes equipped with limited quantum…

Quantum networks rely on the efficient distribution of entanglement to enable long-distance quantum communication and information processing. A key challenge in these networks is the design of routing protocols capable of maintaining high…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Javier Vecino Peñas , Ana Fernández-Vilas , Rebeca P. Díaz-Redondo , Sergio Gándara Gándara , Manuel Fernández-Veiga

Existing quantum routing implicitly mimics classical routing principles, with finding the ``best'' path (aka pathfinding), according to a selected routing metric, as a core mechanism for establishing end-to-end entanglement. However,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-30 Si-Yi Chen , Angela Sara Cacciapuoti , Marcello Caleffi

Developing and deploying advanced Quantum Repeater (QR) technologies will be necessary to scale quantum networks to longer distances. Depending on the error mitigation mechanisms adopted to suppress loss and errors, QRs are typically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-30 Chuen Hei Chan , Charu Jain , Ezra Kissel , Wenji Wu , Edwin Barnes , Sophia E. Economou , Inder Monga

Quantum networks will rely on entanglement distribution to enable multi-user applications such as distributed quantum computing and cryptography. While multipartite entanglement distribution routing protocols have been extensively studied…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-30 Jazz E. Z. Ooi , Evan Sutcliffe , Alejandra Beghelli
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