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This paper tackles the critical challenge of human-AI complementarity in decision-making. Departing from the traditional focus on algorithmic performance in favor of performance of the human-AI team, and moving past the framing of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Ruijiang Gao , Maytal Saar-Tsechansky , Maria De-Arteaga

We study the problem of learning personalized decision policies from observational data while accounting for possible unobserved confounding. Previous approaches, which assume unconfoundedness, i.e., that no unobserved confounders affect…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Nathan Kallus , Angela Zhou

AI predictive systems are increasingly embedded in decision making pipelines, shaping high stakes choices once made solely by humans. Yet robust decisions under uncertainty still rely on capabilities that current AI lacks: domain knowledge…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Sima Noorani , Shayan Kiyani , George Pappas , Hamed Hassani

In many real world contexts, successful human-AI collaboration requires humans to productively integrate complementary sources of information into AI-informed decisions. However, in practice human decision-makers often lack understanding of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-01-30 Kenneth Holstein , Maria De-Arteaga , Lakshmi Tumati , Yanghuidi Cheng

In human-AI collaboration, a central challenge is deciding whether the AI should handle a task, be deferred to a human expert, or be addressed through collaborative effort. Existing Learning to Defer approaches typically make binary choices…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Chengbo He , Bochao Zou , Junliang Xing , Jiansheng Chen , Yuanchun Shi , Huimin Ma

We introduce a novel framework for human-AI collaboration in prediction and decision tasks. Our approach leverages human judgment to distinguish inputs which are algorithmically indistinguishable, or "look the same" to any feasible…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Rohan Alur , Loren Laine , Darrick K. Li , Dennis Shung , Manish Raghavan , Devavrat Shah

As AI becomes more prevalent throughout society, effective methods of integrating humans and AI systems that leverage their respective strengths and mitigate risk have become an important priority. In this paper, we introduce the paradigm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Jiayi Wang , Zhengling Qi , Chengchun Shi

In this work, we propose an approach for assessing sensitivity to unobserved confounding in studies with multiple outcomes. We demonstrate how prior knowledge unique to the multi-outcome setting can be leveraged to strengthen causal…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-01-26 Jiajing Zheng , Jiaxi Wu , Alexander D'Amour , Alexander Franks

Effective human-AI collaboration requires a system design that provides humans with meaningful ways to make sense of and critically evaluate algorithmic recommendations. In this paper, we propose a way to augment human-AI collaboration by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Maria De-Arteaga , Alexandra Chouldechova , Artur Dubrawski

Recent work has shown the potential benefit of selective prediction systems that can learn to defer to a human when the predictions of the AI are unreliable, particularly to improve the reliability of AI systems in high-stakes applications…

A key task in Artificial Intelligence is learning effective policies for controlling agents in unknown environments to optimize performance measures. Off-policy learning methods, like Q-learning, allow learners to make optimal decisions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Mingxuan Li , Junzhe Zhang , Elias Bareinboim

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is advancing at an unprecedented pace, with clear potential to enhance decision-making and productivity. Yet, the collaborative decision-making process between humans and AI remains underdeveloped, often falling…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Bowen Lou , Tian Lu , T. S. Raghu , Yingjie Zhang

Machine learning models are often implemented in cohort with humans in the pipeline, with the model having an option to defer to a domain expert in cases where it has low confidence in its inference. Our goal is to design mechanisms for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Vijay Keswani , Matthew Lease , Krishnaram Kenthapadi

We introduce a novel framework for incorporating human expertise into algorithmic predictions. Our approach leverages human judgment to distinguish inputs which are algorithmically indistinguishable, or "look the same" to predictive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Rohan Alur , Manish Raghavan , Devavrat Shah

Human-AI collaboration (HAIC) in decision-making aims to create synergistic teaming between human decision-makers and AI systems. Learning to defer (L2D) has been presented as a promising framework to determine who among humans and AI…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-14 Diogo Leitão , Pedro Saleiro , Mário A. T. Figueiredo , Pedro Bizarro

Off-policy evaluation of sequential decision policies from observational data is necessary in applications of batch reinforcement learning such as education and healthcare. In such settings, however, unobserved variables confound observed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-14 Nathan Kallus , Angela Zhou

In this paper, we discuss the potential of applying unsupervised anomaly detection in constructing AI-based interactive systems that deal with highly contextual situations, i.e., human-human communication, in collaboration with domain…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-06-23 Riku Arakawa , Hiromu Yakura

We develop a decision-theoretic model of human-AI interaction to study when AI assistance improves or impairs human decision-making. A human decision-maker observes private information and receives a recommendation from an AI system, but…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Saurabh Amin , Amine Bennouna , Daniel Huttenlocher , Dingwen Kong , Liang Lyu , Asuman Ozdaglar

This paper develops a robust and efficient method for policy learning from observational data in the presence of unobserved confounding, complementing existing instrumental variable (IV) based approaches. We employ the marginal sensitivity…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-07-29 Zequn Jin , Gaoqian Xu , Xi Zheng , Yahong Zhou

Accurate prediction of human behavior is crucial for effective human-robot interaction (HRI) systems, especially in dynamic environments where real-time decisions are essential. This paper addresses the challenge of forecasting future human…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Wentao Gao , Cheng Zhou
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