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Large language models can recognize when they are being evaluated (evaluation awareness) and behave differently because of that, which undermines the validity of safety and alignment benchmarks. We propose LURE (Live-Usage Replay…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Igor Ivanov , David Demitri Africa

Image captioning evaluation remains a significant challenge, as vision-language models evolve toward more challenging capabilities such as generating long-form and context-rich descriptions. State-of-the-art evaluation metrics involve…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Gonçalo Gomes , Bruno Martins , Chrysoula Zerva

Metrics are the foundation for automatic evaluation in grammatical error correction (GEC), with their evaluation of the metrics (meta-evaluation) relying on their correlation with human judgments. However, conventional meta-evaluations in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Masamune Kobayashi , Masato Mita , Mamoru Komachi

This paper outlines a theoretical framework using which different automatic metrics can be designed for evaluation of Machine Translation systems. It introduces the concept of {\em cognitive ease} which depends on {\em adequacy} and {\em…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-14 Rajeev Sangal

Statement autoformalization, the automated translation of statements from natural language into formal languages, has become a subject of extensive research, yet the development of robust automated evaluation metrics remains limited.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Yuntian Liu , Tao Zhu , Xiaoyang Liu , Yu Chen , Zhaoxuan Liu , Qingfeng Guo , Jiashuo Zhang , Kangjie Bao , Tao Luo

Evaluation is a bottleneck in the development of natural language generation (NLG) models. Automatic metrics such as BLEU rely on references, but for tasks such as open-ended generation, there are no references to draw upon. Although…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-14 Kawin Ethayarajh , Dorsa Sadigh

Even in highly-developed countries, as many as 15-30\% of the population can only understand texts written using a basic vocabulary. Their understanding of everyday texts is limited, which prevents them from taking an active role in society…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Sanja Stajner , Daniel Ferres , Matthew Shardlow , Kai North , Marcos Zampieri , Horacio Saggion

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) on language modeling and emergent capabilities make them a promising reference-free evaluator of natural language generation quality, and a competent alternative to human evaluation.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Yuxuan Liu , Tianchi Yang , Shaohan Huang , Zihan Zhang , Haizhen Huang , Furu Wei , Weiwei Deng , Feng Sun , Qi Zhang

Evaluating the performance of Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) systems is a challenging task due to its subjectivity. Designing an evaluation metric that is as objective as possible is crucial to the development of GEC task. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Jingheng Ye , Yinghui Li , Qingyu Zhou , Yangning Li , Shirong Ma , Hai-Tao Zheng , Ying Shen

Evaluating Text Style Transfer (TST) is a complex task due to its multifaceted nature. The quality of the generated text is measured based on challenging factors, such as style transfer accuracy, content preservation, and overall fluency.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Phil Ostheimer , Mayank Nagda , Marius Kloft , Sophie Fellenz

Response diversity has become an important criterion for evaluating the quality of open-domain dialogue generation models. However, current evaluation metrics for response diversity often fail to capture the semantic diversity of generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Seungju Han , Beomsu Kim , Buru Chang

New models for natural language understanding have recently made an unparalleled amount of progress, which has led some researchers to suggest that the models induce universal text representations. However, current benchmarks are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Damien Sileo , Tim Van-de-Cruys , Camille Pradel , Philippe Muller

Generating unbiased summaries in real-world settings such as political perspective summarization remains a crucial application of Large Language Models (LLMs). Yet, existing evaluation frameworks rely on traditional metrics for measuring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Narutatsu Ri , Nicholas Deas , Kathleen McKeown

In recent years, reference-based and supervised summarization evaluation metrics have been widely explored. However, collecting human-annotated references and ratings are costly and time-consuming. To avoid these limitations, we propose a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-29 Wang Chen , Piji Li , Irwin King

We propose SumQE, a novel Quality Estimation model for summarization based on BERT. The model addresses linguistic quality aspects that are only indirectly captured by content-based approaches to summary evaluation, without involving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-04 Stratos Xenouleas , Prodromos Malakasiotis , Marianna Apidianaki , Ion Androutsopoulos

The long-standing one-to-many problem of gold standard responses in open-domain dialogue systems presents challenges for automatic evaluation metrics. Though prior works have demonstrated some success by applying powerful Large Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Kun Zhao , Bohao Yang , Chen Tang , Chenghua Lin , Liang Zhan

Automatic metrics are used as proxies to evaluate abstractive summarization systems when human annotations are too expensive. To be useful, these metrics should be fine-grained, show a high correlation with human annotations, and ideally be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Théo Gigant , Camille Guinaudeau , Marc Decombas , Frédéric Dufaux

Developed to alleviate prohibitive labeling costs, active learning (AL) methods aim to reduce label complexity in supervised learning. While recent work has demonstrated the benefit of using AL in combination with large pre-trained language…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Josip Jukić , Jan Šnajder

We leverage generative large language models for language learning applications, focusing on estimating the difficulty of foreign language texts and simplifying them to lower difficulty levels. We frame both tasks as prediction problems and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Henri Jamet , Yash Raj Shrestha , Michalis Vlachos

As large language models (LLMs) achieve strong performance on traditional benchmarks, there is an urgent need for more challenging evaluation frameworks that probe deeper aspects of semantic understanding. We introduce SAGE (Semantic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Samarth Goel , Reagan J. Lee , Kannan Ramchandran
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