English
Related papers

Related papers: To token or not to token: A Comparative Study of T…

200 papers

Recent work on tokenizer-free multilingual pretrained models show promising results in improving cross-lingual transfer and reducing engineering overhead (Clark et al., 2022; Xue et al., 2022). However, these works mainly focus on reporting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Jimin Sun , Patrick Fernandes , Xinyi Wang , Graham Neubig

Word embeddings represent words in a numeric space so that semantic relations between words are represented as distances and directions in the vector space. Cross-lingual word embeddings transform vector spaces of different languages so…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-25 Marko Robnik-Sikonja , Kristjan Reba , Igor Mozetic

Prompt-based methods have been successfully applied to multilingual pretrained language models for zero-shot cross-lingual understanding. However, most previous studies primarily focused on sentence-level classification tasks, and only a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Bolei Ma , Ercong Nie , Shuzhou Yuan , Helmut Schmid , Michael Färber , Frauke Kreuter , Hinrich Schütze

Transliteration has emerged as a promising means to bridge the gap between various languages in multilingual NLP, showing promising results especially for languages using non-Latin scripts. We investigate the degree to which shared script,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Haeji Jung , Jinju Kim , Kyungjin Kim , Youjeong Roh , David R. Mortensen

Few-shot crosslingual transfer has been shown to outperform its zero-shot counterpart with pretrained encoders like multilingual BERT. Despite its growing popularity, little to no attention has been paid to standardizing and analyzing the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Mengjie Zhao , Yi Zhu , Ehsan Shareghi , Ivan Vulić , Roi Reichart , Anna Korhonen , Hinrich Schütze

Learning to construct text representations in end-to-end systems can be difficult, as natural languages are highly compositional and task-specific annotated datasets are often limited in size. Methods for directly supervising language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-15 Marek Rei , Anders Søgaard

Tokenization plays a critical role in language modeling, yet existing approaches such as Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE) or WordPiece operate purely on frequency statistics, ignoring the underlying semantic structure of text. This leads to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Dong Liu , Yanxuan Yu

While semantic segmentation has seen tremendous improvements in the past, there are still significant labeling efforts necessary and the problem of limited generalization to classes that have not been present during training. To address…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Benedikt Blumenstiel , Johannes Jakubik , Hilde Kühne , Michael Vössing

We study the selection of transfer languages for different Natural Language Processing tasks, specifically sentiment analysis, named entity recognition and dependency parsing. In order to select an optimal transfer language, we propose to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Juuso Eronen , Michal Ptaszynski , Fumito Masui

Tasks that require character-level reasoning, such as counting or locating characters within words, remain challenging for contemporary language models. A common conjecture is that language models' reliance on subword units, rather than…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Omri Uzan , Yuval Pinter

Tokenizing raw texts into word units is an essential pre-processing step for critical tasks in the NLP pipeline such as tagging, parsing, named entity recognition, and more. For most languages, this tokenization step straightforward.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Idan Brusilovsky , Reut Tsarfaty

Tokenizers provide the fundamental basis through which text is represented and processed by language models (LMs). Despite the importance of tokenization, its role in LM performance and behavior is poorly understood due to the challenge of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Gül Sena Altıntaş , Malikeh Ehghaghi , Brian Lester , Fengyuan Liu , Wanru Zhao , Marco Ciccone , Colin Raffel

Providing better language tools for low-resource and endangered languages is imperative for equitable growth. Recent progress with massively multilingual pretrained models has proven surprisingly effective at performing zero-shot transfer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-10 Louis Clouâtre , Prasanna Parthasarathi , Amal Zouaq , Sarath Chandar

The recent advancements in Transformer-based Language Models have demonstrated significant potential in enhancing the multilingual capabilities of these models. The remarkable progress made in this domain not only applies to natural…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-28 Jonathan Katzy , Maliheh Izadi , Arie van Deursen

Tokenization significantly influences language models(LMs)' performance. This paper traces the evolution of tokenizers from word-level to subword-level, analyzing how they balance tokens and types to enhance model adaptability while…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Jinbiao Yang

Despite recent successes in language models, their ability to represent numbers is insufficient. Humans conceptualize numbers based on their magnitudes, effectively projecting them on a number line; whereas subword tokenization fails to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Avijit Thawani , Jay Pujara , Ashwin Kalyan

Natural language processing is heavily Anglo-centric, while the demand for models that work in languages other than English is greater than ever. Yet, the task of transferring a model from one language to another can be expensive in terms…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-06 Sujay Kumar Jauhar , Michael Gamon , Patrick Pantel

POS tagging plays a fundamental role in numerous applications. While POS taggers are highly accurate in well-resourced settings, they lag behind in cases of limited or missing training data. This paper focuses on POS tagging for languages…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Zeno Vandenbulcke , Lukas Vermeire , Miryam de Lhoneux

Can attention- or gradient-based visualization techniques be used to infer token-level labels for binary sequence tagging problems, using networks trained only on sentence-level labels? We construct a neural network architecture based on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-08 Marek Rei , Anders Søgaard

Tokenization or segmentation is a wide concept that covers simple processes such as separating punctuation from words, or more sophisticated processes such as applying morphological knowledge. Neural Machine Translation (NMT) requires a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-12 Miguel Domingo , Mercedes Garcıa-Martınez , Alexandre Helle , Francisco Casacuberta , Manuel Herranz