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Solving NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) (e.g., traveling salesman problems (TSPs) and capacitated vehicle routing problems (CVRPs)) in practice traditionally involves handcrafting heuristics or specifying a search space…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Nguyen Thach , Aida Riahifar , Nathan Huynh , Hau Chan

Recent advancements in Neural Combinatorial Optimization (NCO) have shown promise in solving routing problems like the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) and Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) without handcrafted designs. Research in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Ke Li , Fei Liu , Zhengkun Wang , Qingfu Zhang

To advance capabilities of large language models (LLMs) in solving combinatorial optimization problems (COPs), this paper presents the Language-based Neural COP Solver (LNCS), a novel framework that is unified for the end-to-end resolution…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Xia Jiang , Yaoxin Wu , Yuan Wang , Yingqian Zhang

Solving NP-hard/complete combinatorial problems with neural networks is a challenging research area that aims to surpass classical approximate algorithms. The long-term objective is to outperform hand-designed heuristics for…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Dobrik Georgiev , Danilo Numeroso , Davide Bacciu , Pietro Liò

Although several surveys on Neural Combinatorial Optimization (NCO) solvers specifically designed to solve Vehicle Routing Problems (VRPs) have been conducted, they did not cover the state-of-the-art (SOTA) NCO solvers emerged recently.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Xuan Wu , Di Wang , Lijie Wen , Yubin Xiao , Chunguo Wu , Yuesong Wu , Chaoyu Yu , Douglas L. Maskell , You Zhou

Long-horizon combinatorial optimization problems (COPs), such as the Flexible Job-Shop Scheduling Problem (FJSP), often involve complex, interdependent decisions over extended time frames, posing significant challenges for existing solvers.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-02-25 Sirui Li , Wenbin Ouyang , Yining Ma , Cathy Wu

A general framework of unsupervised learning for combinatorial optimization (CO) is to train a neural network (NN) whose output gives a problem solution by directly optimizing the CO objective. Albeit with some advantages over traditional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-24 Haoyu Wang , Pan Li

Multiobjective combinatorial optimization (MOCO) problems can be found in many real-world applications. However, exactly solving these problems would be very challenging, particularly when they are NP-hard. Many handcrafted heuristic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Xi Lin , Zhiyuan Yang , Qingfu Zhang

Using machine learning to solve combinatorial optimization (CO) problems is challenging, especially when the data is unlabeled. This work proposes an unsupervised learning framework for CO problems. Our framework follows a standard…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Haoyu Wang , Nan Wu , Hang Yang , Cong Hao , Pan Li

The constructive approach within Neural Combinatorial Optimization (NCO) treats a combinatorial optimization problem as a finite Markov decision process, where solutions are built incrementally through a sequence of decisions guided by a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Jonathan Pirnay , Dominik G. Grimm

Reinforcement learning has recently shown promise in learning quality solutions in many combinatorial optimization problems. In particular, the attention-based encoder-decoder models show high effectiveness on various routing problems,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-12-06 Aigerim Bogyrbayeva , Taehyun Yoon , Hanbum Ko , Sungbin Lim , Hyokun Yun , Changhyun Kwon

Automatic Heuristic Design (AHD) has gained traction as a promising solution for solving combinatorial optimization problems (COPs). Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged and become a promising approach to achieving AHD, but current…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Jiawei Xu , Feng-Feng Wei , Wei-Neng Chen

Combinatorial optimization (CO) is the fundamental problem at the intersection of computer science, applied mathematics, etc. The inherent hardness in CO problems brings up challenge for solving CO exactly, making deep-neural-network-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Runzhong Wang , Yang Li , Junchi Yan , Xiaokang Yang

Existing visual token compression methods for Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) predominantly operate as post-encoder modules, limiting their potential for efficiency gains. To address this limitation, we propose LaCo (Layer-wise…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Juntao Liu , Liqiang Niu , Wenchao Chen , Jie Zhou , Fandong Meng

Neural combinatorial optimization (NCO) has achieved remarkable performance, yet its learned model representations and decision rationale remain a black box. This impedes both academic research and practical deployment, since researchers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Zhiqin Zhang , Yining Ma , Zhiguang Cao , Hoong Chuin Lau

Combinatorial Optimization (CO) encompasses a wide range of problems that arise in many real-world scenarios. While significant progress has been made in developing learning-based methods for specialized CO problems, a unified model with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Zefang Zong , Xiaochen Wei , Guozhen Zhang , Chen Gao , Huandong Wang , Yong Li

Efficiently training a multi-task neural solver for various combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) has been less studied so far. Naive application of conventional multi-task learning approaches often falls short in delivering a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Chenguang Wang , Zhang-Hua Fu , Pinyan Lu , Tianshu Yu

Graph combinatorial optimization (GCO) has attracted growing interest, as many NP-hard problems naturally admit graph formulations, yet their combinatorial explosion renders exact methods computationally intractable. Recent advances in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Franco Terranova , Guillermo Bernardez , Albert Cabellos-Aparicio , Nina Miolane , Abdelkader Lahmadi

Machine learning has increasingly been employed to solve NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems, resulting in the emergence of neural solvers that demonstrate remarkable performance, even with minimal domain-specific knowledge. To…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-05-27 Chengrui Gao , Haopu Shang , Ke Xue , Chao Qian

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown notable potential in code generation for optimization algorithms, unlocking exciting new opportunities. This paper examines how LLMs, rather than creating algorithms from scratch, can improve existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Camilo Chacón Sartori , Christian Blum