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Human annotation remains the foundation of reliable and interpretable data in Natural Language Processing (NLP). As annotation and evaluation tasks continue to expand, from categorical labelling to segmentation, subjective judgment, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Joseph James

The proliferation of deep learning in natural language processing (NLP) has led to the development and release of innovative technologies capable of understanding and generating human language with remarkable proficiency. Atinuke, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Abiodun Finbarrs Oketunji

This paper studies the effects of word-level linguistic annotations in under-resourced neural machine translation, for which there is incomplete evidence in the literature. The study covers eight language pairs, different training corpus…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Víctor M. Sánchez-Cartagena , Juan Antonio Pérez-Ortiz , Felipe Sánchez-Martínez

Spark NLP is a Natural Language Processing (NLP) library built on top of Apache Spark ML. It provides simple, performant and accurate NLP annotations for machine learning pipelines that can scale easily in a distributed environment. Spark…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-27 Veysel Kocaman , David Talby

Annotated datasets are commonly used in the training and evaluation of tasks involving natural language and vision (image description generation, action recognition and visual question answering). However, many of the existing datasets…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-07-12 Gitit Kehat , James Pustejovsky

Many NLP applications require manual data annotations for a variety of tasks, notably to train classifiers or evaluate the performance of unsupervised models. Depending on the size and degree of complexity, the tasks may be conducted by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Fabrizio Gilardi , Meysam Alizadeh , Maël Kubli

India's vast linguistic diversity presents unique challenges and opportunities for technological advancement, especially in the realm of Natural Language Processing (NLP). While there has been significant progress in NLP applications for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Rasika Ransing , Mohammed Amaan Dhamaskar , Ayush Rajpurohit , Amey Dhoke , Sanket Dalvi

The rising influence of social media platforms in various domains, including tourism, has highlighted the growing need for efficient and automated Natural Language Processing (NLP) strategies to take advantage of this valuable resource.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Maxime Masson , Rodrigo Agerri , Christian Sallaberry , Marie-Noelle Bessagnet , Annig Le Parc Lacayrelle , Philippe Roose

Voice-controlled dialog systems have become immensely popular due to their ability to perform a wide range of actions in response to diverse user queries. These agents possess a predefined set of skills or intents to fulfill specific user…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Ankan Mullick , Sukannya Purkayastha , Saransh Sharma , Pawan Goyal , Niloy Ganguly

For natural language understanding (NLU) technology to be maximally useful, both practically and as a scientific object of study, it must be general: it must be able to process language in a way that is not exclusively tailored to any one…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-02-26 Alex Wang , Amanpreet Singh , Julian Michael , Felix Hill , Omer Levy , Samuel R. Bowman

Researchers have traditionally recruited native speakers to provide annotations for widely used benchmark datasets. However, there are languages for which recruiting native speakers can be difficult, and it would help to find learners of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Haneul Yoo , Rifki Afina Putri , Changyoon Lee , Youngin Lee , So-Yeon Ahn , Dongyeop Kang , Alice Oh

In this work, we present SenTag, a lightweight web-based tool focused on semantic annotation of textual documents. The platform allows multiple users to work on a corpus of documents. The tool enables to tag a corpus of documents through an…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2022-07-08 Andrea Loreggia , Simone Mosco , Alberto Zerbinati

Most languages, especially in Africa, have fewer or no established part-of-speech (POS) tagged corpus. However, POS tagged corpus is essential for natural language processing (NLP) to support advanced researches such as machine translation,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-03-14 Onyenwe Ikechukwu E , Onyedinma Ebele G , Aniegwu Godwin E , Ezeani Ignatius M

Some of the major limitations identified in the areas of argument mining, argument generation, and natural language argument analysis are related to the complexity of annotating argumentatively rich data, the limited size of these corpora,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Ramon Ruiz-Dolz , Joaquin Taverner , John Lawrence , Chris Reed

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance in various NLP tasks, but they still suffer from challenges such as hallucination and weak numerical reasoning. To overcome these challenges, external tools can be used…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-26 Yuchen Zhuang , Yue Yu , Kuan Wang , Haotian Sun , Chao Zhang

Textual data annotation, the process of labeling or tagging text with relevant information, is typically costly, time-consuming, and labor-intensive. While large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated their potential as direct…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Yu-Min Tseng , Wei-Lin Chen , Chung-Chi Chen , Hsin-Hsi Chen

We define multilevel text normalization as sequence-to-sequence processing that transforms naturally noisy text into a sequence of normalized units of meaning (morphemes) in three steps: 1) writing normalization, 2) lemmatization, 3)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-01 Tatyana Ruzsics , Tanja Samardžić

Propaganda detection on social media remains challenging due to task complexity and limited high-quality labeled data. This paper introduces a novel framework that combines human expertise with Large Language Model (LLM) assistance to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Ariana Sahitaj , Premtim Sahitaj , Veronika Solopova , Jiaao Li , Sebastian Möller , Vera Schmitt

Training and deploying machine learning models relies on a large amount of human-annotated data. As human labeling becomes increasingly expensive and time-consuming, recent research has developed multiple strategies to speed up annotation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Ekaterina Artemova , Akim Tsvigun , Dominik Schlechtweg , Natalia Fedorova , Konstantin Chernyshev , Sergei Tilga , Boris Obmoroshev

We introduce Dynabench, an open-source platform for dynamic dataset creation and model benchmarking. Dynabench runs in a web browser and supports human-and-model-in-the-loop dataset creation: annotators seek to create examples that a target…