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A multi-hop question answering (QA) dataset aims to test reasoning and inference skills by requiring a model to read multiple paragraphs to answer a given question. However, current datasets do not provide a complete explanation for the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-13 Xanh Ho , Anh-Khoa Duong Nguyen , Saku Sugawara , Akiko Aizawa

Recent work has proposed multi-hop models and datasets for studying complex natural language reasoning. One notable task requiring multi-hop reasoning is fact checking, where a set of connected evidence pieces leads to the final verdict of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-02 Wojciech Ostrowski , Arnav Arora , Pepa Atanasova , Isabelle Augenstein

Fact verification aims to automatically probe the veracity of a claim based on several pieces of evidence. Existing works are always engaging in accuracy improvement, let alone explainability, a critical capability of fact verification…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Huanhuan Ma , Weizhi Xu , Yifan Wei , Liuji Chen , Liang Wang , Qiang Liu , Shu Wu , Liang Wang

Misleading or false information has been creating chaos in some places around the world. To mitigate this issue, many researchers have proposed automated fact-checking methods to fight the spread of fake news. However, most methods cannot…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Jing Yang , Didier Vega-Oliveros , Taís Seibt , Anderson Rocha

Fact-checking real-world claims often requires collecting multiple pieces of evidence and applying complex multi-step reasoning. In this paper, we present Program-Guided Fact-Checking (ProgramFC), a novel fact-checking model that decomposes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Liangming Pan , Xiaobao Wu , Xinyuan Lu , Anh Tuan Luu , William Yang Wang , Min-Yen Kan , Preslav Nakov

The growing complexity of factual claims in real-world scenarios presents significant challenges for automated fact verification systems, particularly in accurately aggregating and reasoning over multi-hop evidence. Existing approaches…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Liwen Zheng , Chaozhuo Li , Haoran Jia , Xi Zhang

As Large Language Models are increasingly deployed in high-stakes domains, their ability to detect false assumptions and reason critically is crucial for ensuring reliable outputs. False-premise questions (FPQs) serve as an important…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Mohammadamin Shafiei , Hamidreza Saffari , Nafise Sadat Moosavi

Existing question answering (QA) datasets fail to train QA systems to perform complex reasoning and provide explanations for answers. We introduce HotpotQA, a new dataset with 113k Wikipedia-based question-answer pairs with four key…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-26 Zhilin Yang , Peng Qi , Saizheng Zhang , Yoshua Bengio , William W. Cohen , Ruslan Salakhutdinov , Christopher D. Manning

Multi-hop knowledge based question answering (KBQA) is a complex task for natural language understanding. Many KBQA approaches have been proposed in recent years, and most of them are trained based on labeled reasoning path. This hinders…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-25 Kechen Qin , Yu Wang , Cheng Li , Kalpa Gunaratna , Hongxia Jin , Virgil Pavlu , Javed A. Aslam

Multi-hop QA requires reasoning over multiple supporting facts to answer the question. However, the existing QA models always rely on shortcuts, e.g., providing the true answer by only one fact, rather than multi-hop reasoning, which is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Wangzhen Guo , Qinkang Gong , Hanjiang Lai

Multi-hop question answering (QA) requires systems to iteratively retrieve evidence and reason across multiple hops. While recent RAG and agentic methods report strong results, the underlying retrieval--reasoning \emph{process} is often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Yuelyu Ji , Zhuochun Li , Rui Meng , Daqing He

Multi-hop Question Answering (QA) requires the machine to answer complex questions by finding scattering clues and reasoning from multiple documents. Graph Network (GN) and Question Decomposition (QD) are two common approaches at present.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-18 Jiawei Li , Mucheng Ren , Yang Gao , Yizhe Yang

Multi-hop reasoning for question answering (QA) plays a critical role in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) for modern large language models (LLMs). The accurate answer can be obtained through retrieving relational structure of entities…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Changhao Wang , Yanfang Liu , Xinxin Fan , Anzhi Zhou , Lao Tian , Yunfeng Lu

Multi-hop Question Answering (QA) is a challenging task since it requires an accurate aggregation of information from multiple context paragraphs and a thorough understanding of the underlying reasoning chains. Recent work in multi-hop QA…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Kaige Xie , Sarah Wiegreffe , Mark Riedl

Composing knowledge from multiple pieces of texts is a key challenge in multi-hop question answering. We present a multi-hop reasoning dataset, Question Answering via Sentence Composition(QASC), that requires retrieving facts from a large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-06 Tushar Khot , Peter Clark , Michal Guerquin , Peter Jansen , Ashish Sabharwal

Multi-hop question answering (QA) requires a model to retrieve and integrate information from different parts of a long text to answer a question. Humans answer this kind of complex questions via a divide-and-conquer approach. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-28 Yixuan Tang , Hwee Tou Ng , Anthony K. H. Tung

Explainable multi-hop question answering (QA) not only predicts answers but also identifies rationales, i. e. subsets of input sentences used to derive the answers. This problem has been extensively studied under the supervised setting,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Wenting Zhao , Justin T. Chiu , Claire Cardie , Alexander M. Rush

Multi-hop question answering (QA) requires an information retrieval (IR) system that can find \emph{multiple} supporting evidence needed to answer the question, making the retrieval process very challenging. This paper introduces an IR…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-18 Ameya Godbole , Dilip Kavarthapu , Rajarshi Das , Zhiyu Gong , Abhishek Singhal , Hamed Zamani , Mo Yu , Tian Gao , Xiaoxiao Guo , Manzil Zaheer , Andrew McCallum

Has there been real progress in multi-hop question-answering? Models often exploit dataset artifacts to produce correct answers, without connecting information across multiple supporting facts. This limits our ability to measure true…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-18 Harsh Trivedi , Niranjan Balasubramanian , Tushar Khot , Ashish Sabharwal

We introduce HoVer (HOppy VERification), a dataset for many-hop evidence extraction and fact verification. It challenges models to extract facts from several Wikipedia articles that are relevant to a claim and classify whether the claim is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Yichen Jiang , Shikha Bordia , Zheng Zhong , Charles Dognin , Maneesh Singh , Mohit Bansal
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