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Chemical reaction prediction is pivotal for accelerating drug discovery and synthesis planning. Despite advances in data-driven models, current approaches are hindered by an overemphasis on parameter and dataset scaling. Some methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Ran Li , Shimin Di , Haowei LI , Luanshi Bu , Jiachuan Wang , Wangze Ni , Lei Chen

Retrosynthesis, which aims to identify viable synthetic pathways for target molecules by decomposing them into simpler precursors, is often treated as a search problem. However, its complexity arises from multi-branched tree-structured…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Chengyang Tian , Yuhang Chang , Yangpeng Zhang , Yang Liu

Retrosynthetic planning is a fundamental problem in chemistry for finding a pathway of reactions to synthesize a target molecule. Recently, search algorithms have shown promising results for solving this problem by using deep neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-10 Junsu Kim , Sungsoo Ahn , Hankook Lee , Jinwoo Shin

The accurate prediction of chemical reaction outcomes is a major challenge in computational chemistry. Current models rely heavily on either highly specific reaction templates or template-free methods, both of which present limitations. To…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Derin Ozer , Sylvain Lamprier , Thomas Cauchy , Nicolas Gutowski , Benoit Da Mota

Recent progress has expanded the use of large language models (LLMs) in drug discovery, including synthesis planning. However, objective evaluation of retrosynthesis performance remains limited. Existing benchmarks and metrics typically…

This paper proposes a machine learning (ML) method to predict stable molecular geometries from their chemical composition. The method is useful for generating molecular conformations which may serve as initial geometries for saving time…

We introduce a mathematical framework for retrosynthetic analysis, an important research method in synthetic chemistry. Our approach represents molecules and their interaction using string diagrams in layered props - a recently introduced…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Ella Gale , Leo Lobski , Fabio Zanasi

Organic synthesis is one of the key stumbling blocks in medicinal chemistry. A necessary yet unsolved step in planning synthesis is solving the forward problem: given reactants and reagents, predict the products. Similar to other work, we…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2019-09-13 Philippe Schwaller , Teodoro Laino , Théophile Gaudin , Peter Bolgar , Costas Bekas , Alpha A Lee

Chemical reaction and retrosynthesis prediction are fundamental tasks in drug discovery. Recently, large language models (LLMs) have shown potential in many domains. However, directly applying LLMs to these tasks faces two major challenges:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Xuan Lin , Qingrui Liu , Hongxin Xiang , Daojian Zeng , Xiangxiang Zeng

We present an extension of our Molecular Transformer architecture combined with a hyper-graph exploration strategy for automatic retrosynthesis route planning without human intervention. The single-step retrosynthetic model sets a new state…

A fundamental problem in organic chemistry is identifying and predicting the series of reactions that synthesize a desired target product molecule. Due to the combinatorial nature of the chemical search space, single-step reactant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Robin Yadav , Qi Yan , Guy Wolf , Avishek Joey Bose , Renjie Liao

Identification and verification of molecular properties such as side effects is one of the most important and time-consuming steps in the process of molecule synthesis. For example, failure to identify side effects before submission to…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2024-04-12 Collin Beaudoin , Koustubh Phalak , Swaroop Ghosh

We demonstrate a machine learning based approach which can learn the time-dependent electronic excitation dynamics of small molecules subjected to ion irradiation. Ensembles of recurrent neural networks are trained on data generated by…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2024-09-24 Ethan P. Shapera , Cheng-Wei Lee

Reliably predicting the products of chemical reactions presents a fundamental challenge in synthetic chemistry. Existing machine learning approaches typically produce a reaction product by sequentially forming its subparts or intermediate…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2021-06-16 Hangrui Bi , Hengyi Wang , Chence Shi , Connor Coley , Jian Tang , Hongyu Guo

Synthesizability in generative molecular design remains a pressing challenge. Existing methods to assess synthesizability span heuristics-based methods, retrosynthesis models, and synthesizability-constrained molecular generation. The…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-07-18 Jeff Guo , Philippe Schwaller

There is an intuitive analogy of an organic chemist's understanding of a compound and a language speaker's understanding of a word. Consequently, it is possible to introduce the basic concepts and analyze potential impacts of linguistic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-16 Philippe Schwaller , Theophile Gaudin , David Lanyi , Costas Bekas , Teodoro Laino

Is there a unified framework for graph-based retrosynthesis prediction? Through analysis of full-, semi-, and non-template retrosynthesis methods, we discovered that they strive to strike an optimal balance between combinability and…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-05-25 Zhangyang Gao , Xingran Chen , Cheng Tan , Stan Z. Li

The synthesis of complex natural products remains one of the grand challenges of organic chemistry. We present DeepRetro, a major advancement in computational retrosynthesis that enables the discovery of viable synthetic routes for complex…

We have developed an end-to-end, retrosynthesis system, named ChemiRise, that can propose complete retrosynthesis routes for organic compounds rapidly and reliably. The system was trained on a processed patent database of over 3 million…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2021-08-11 Xiangyan Sun , Ke Liu , Yuquan Lin , Lingjie Wu , Haoming Xing , Minghong Gao , Ji Liu , Suocheng Tan , Zekun Ni , Qi Han , Junqiu Wu , Jie Fan

Molecule synthesis through machine learning is one of the fundamental problems in drug discovery. Current data-driven strategies employ one-step retrosynthesis models and search algorithms to predict synthetic routes in a top-bottom manner.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Songtao Liu , Hanjun Dai , Yue Zhao , Peng Liu