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The main target of retrosynthesis is to recursively decompose desired molecules into available building blocks. Existing template-based retrosynthesis methods follow a template selection stereotype and suffer from limited training…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2022-12-26 Chaochao Yan , Peilin Zhao , Chan Lu , Yang Yu , Junzhou Huang

Retrosynthesis, which predicts the reactants of a given target molecule, is an essential task for drug discovery. In recent years, the machine learing based retrosynthesis methods have achieved promising results. In this work, we introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-08 Shufang Xie , Rui Yan , Junliang Guo , Yingce Xia , Lijun Wu , Tao Qin

Retrosynthesis reaction prediction aims to infer plausible reactant molecules for a given product and is a important problem in computer-aided organic synthesis. Despite recent progress, many existing models still fall short of the accuracy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Youjun Zhao

Retrosynthesis is the process of recursively decomposing target molecules into available building blocks. It plays an important role in solving problems in organic synthesis planning. To automate or assist in the retrosynthesis analysis,…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2020-11-06 Chaochao Yan , Qianggang Ding , Peilin Zhao , Shuangjia Zheng , Jinyu Yang , Yang Yu , Junzhou Huang

Synthesis planning is the process of recursively decomposing target molecules into available precursors. Computer-aided retrosynthesis can potentially assist chemists in designing synthetic routes, but at present it is cumbersome and…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2019-07-04 Shuangjia Zheng , Jiahua Rao , Zhongyue Zhang , Jun Xu , Yuedong Yang

Retrosynthesis prediction is one of the fundamental challenges in organic synthesis. The task is to predict the reactants given a core product. With the advancement of machine learning, computer-aided synthesis planning has gained…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2022-02-01 Yue Wan , Benben Liao , Chang-Yu Hsieh , Shengyu Zhang

Retrosynthesis -- the process of identifying a set of reactants to synthesize a target molecule -- is of vital importance to material design and drug discovery. Existing machine learning approaches based on language models and graph neural…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2021-12-10 Ruoxi Sun , Hanjun Dai , Li Li , Steven Kearnes , Bo Dai

Retrosynthesis plays a crucial role in the fields of organic synthesis and drug development, where the goal is to identify suitable reactants that can yield a target product molecule. Although existing methods have achieved notable success,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Jiaxi Zhuang , Yu Zhang , Yan Zhang , Ying Qian , Aimin Zhou

Retrosynthesis consists of breaking down a chemical compound recursively step-by-step into molecular precursors until a set of commercially available molecules is found with the goal to provide a synthesis route. Its two primary research…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Paula Torren-Peraire , Alan Kai Hassen , Samuel Genheden , Jonas Verhoeven , Djork-Arne Clevert , Mike Preuss , Igor Tetko

Retrosynthesis is the task of breaking down a chemical compound recursively step-by-step into molecular precursors until a set of commercially available molecules is found. Consequently, the goal is to provide a valid synthesis route for a…

Template based single step retrosynthesis predicts reactants by selecting and applying an explicit reaction template, making each prediction traceable to a chemical transformation rule. This is useful for synthesis planning, but template…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Mohammad Jahid Ibna Basher , Ali Khodabandeh Yalabadi , Ivan Garibay , Ozlem Ozmen Garibay

Retrosynthesis is one of the fundamental problems in organic chemistry. The task is to identify reactants that can be used to synthesize a specified product molecule. Recently, computer-aided retrosynthesis is finding renewed interest from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-07 Hanjun Dai , Chengtao Li , Connor W. Coley , Bo Dai , Le Song

Retrosynthesis planning remains a central challenge in molecular discovery due to the vast and complex chemical reaction space. While traditional template-based methods offer tractability, they suffer from poor scalability and limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Nguyen Xuan-Vu , Daniel P Armstrong , Zlatko Jončev , Philippe Schwaller

Retrosynthesis prediction is a fundamental problem in organic synthesis, where the task is to identify precursor molecules that can be used to synthesize a target molecule. A key consideration in building neural models for this task is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Vignesh Ram Somnath , Charlotte Bunne , Connor W. Coley , Andreas Krause , Regina Barzilay

Retrosynthesis is essential for designing synthetic pathways for complex molecules and can be revolutionized by AI to automate and accelerate chemical synthesis planning for drug discovery and materials science. Here, we propose a…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2024-12-02 Seongeun Yun , Won Bo Lee

Template-free retrosynthesis methods treat the task as black-box sequence generation, limiting learning efficiency, while semi-template approaches rely on rigid reaction libraries that constrain generalization. We address this gap with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Chenguang Wang , Zihan Zhou , Lei Bai , Tianshu Yu

Retrosynthesis, the process of breaking down a target molecule into simpler precursors through a series of valid reactions, stands at the core of organic chemistry and drug development. Although recent machine learning (ML) research has…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Haorui Wang , Jeff Guo , Lingkai Kong , Rampi Ramprasad , Philippe Schwaller , Yuanqi Du , Chao Zhang

From medicines to materials, small organic molecules are indispensable for human well-being. To plan their syntheses, chemists employ a problem solving technique called retrosynthesis. In retrosynthesis, target molecules are recursively…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-04-17 Marwin H. S. Segler , Mike Preuss , Mark P. Waller

Finding synthesis routes for molecules of interest is an essential step in the discovery of new drugs and materials. To find such routes, computer-assisted synthesis planning (CASP) methods are employed which rely on a model of chemical…

Retrosynthesis planning is a fundamental challenge in chemistry which aims at designing reaction pathways from commercially available starting materials to a target molecule. Each step in multi-step retrosynthesis planning requires accurate…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2024-03-27 Ilia Igashov , Arne Schneuing , Marwin Segler , Michael Bronstein , Bruno Correia
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