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Mixture of Experts (MoE) offers remarkable performance and computational efficiency by selectively activating subsets of model parameters. Traditionally, MoE models use homogeneous experts, each with identical capacity. However, varying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-21 An Wang , Xingwu Sun , Ruobing Xie , Shuaipeng Li , Jiaqi Zhu , Zhen Yang , Pinxue Zhao , J. N. Han , Zhanhui Kang , Di Wang , Naoaki Okazaki , Cheng-zhong Xu

We introduce a Mixture of Raytraced Experts, a stacked Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture which can dynamically select sequences of experts, producing computational graphs of variable width and depth. Existing MoE architectures generally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Andrea Perin , Giacomo Lagomarsini , Claudio Gallicchio , Giuseppe Nuti

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) is a widely known neural architecture where an ensemble of specialized sub-models optimizes overall performance with a constant computational cost. However, conventional MoEs pose challenges at scale due to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Ted Zadouri , Ahmet Üstün , Arash Ahmadian , Beyza Ermiş , Acyr Locatelli , Sara Hooker

Mixture-of-experts (MoE) architecture has been proven a powerful method for diverse tasks in training deep models in many applications. However, current MoE implementations are task agnostic, treating all tokens from different tasks in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Hai Pham , Young Jin Kim , Subhabrata Mukherjee , David P. Woodruff , Barnabas Poczos , Hany Hassan Awadalla

The Mixtures-of-Experts (MoE) model is a widespread distributed and integrated learning method for large language models (LLM), which is favored due to its ability to sparsify and expand models efficiently. However, the performance of MoE…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Jing Li , Zhijie Sun , Xuan He , Li Zeng , Yi Lin , Entong Li , Binfan Zheng , Rongqian Zhao , Xin Chen

Large language models (LLMs) have garnered unprecedented advancements across diverse fields, ranging from natural language processing to computer vision and beyond. The prowess of LLMs is underpinned by their substantial model size,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Weilin Cai , Juyong Jiang , Fan Wang , Jing Tang , Sunghun Kim , Jiayi Huang

AI technologies have become more widely adopted in wireless communications. As an emerging type of AI technologies, the generative artificial intelligence (GAI) gains lots of attention in communication security. Due to its powerful learning…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Changyuan Zhao , Hongyang Du , Dusit Niyato , Jiawen Kang , Zehui Xiong , Dong In Kim , Xuemin , Shen , Khaled B. Letaief

The advancement of generative artificial intelligence (GAI) has driven revolutionary applications like ChatGPT. The widespread of these applications relies on the mixture of experts (MoE), which contains multiple experts and selectively…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Jiacheng Wang , Hongyang Du , Dusit Niyato , Jiawen Kang , Zehui Xiong , Dong In Kim , Khaled B. Letaief

As giant dense models advance quality but require large amounts of GPU budgets for training, the sparsely gated Mixture-of-Experts (MoE), a kind of conditional computation architecture, is proposed to scale models while keeping their…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-11-18 Xiaonan Nie , Pinxue Zhao , Xupeng Miao , Tong Zhao , Bin Cui

While Large Language Models (LLMs) are commonly fine-tuned to handle domain-specific tasks before being applied to vertical applications, adapting them to complex scenarios with diverse specialized knowledge remains challenging. Meanwhile,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Mengyang Sun , Maochuan Dou , Tao Feng , Dan Zhang , Yihao Wang , Junpeng Liu , Yifan Zhu , Jie Tang

Mixture of experts (MoE) model is a statistical machine learning design that aggregates multiple expert networks using a softmax gating function in order to form a more intricate and expressive model. Despite being commonly used in several…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-25 Huy Nguyen , Nhat Ho , Alessandro Rinaldo

Mixture of experts (MoE) is a popular technique to improve capacity of Large Language Models (LLMs) with conditionally-activated parallel experts. However, serving MoE models on memory-constrained devices is challenging due to the large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Rui Kong , Yuanchun Li , Qingtian Feng , Weijun Wang , Xiaozhou Ye , Ye Ouyang , Linghe Kong , Yunxin Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) typically generate outputs token by token using a fixed compute budget, leading to inefficient resource utilization. To address this shortcoming, recent advancements in mixture of expert (MoE) models,…

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures scale large language models efficiently by employing a parametric ``router'' to dispatch tokens to a sparse subset of experts. Typically, this router is trained once and then frozen, rendering routing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Boxuan Lyu , Soichiro Murakami , Hidetaka Kamigaito , Peinan Zhang

Sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures have emerged as a promising approach to decoupling model capacity from computational cost. At the core of the MoE model is the router, which learns the underlying clustering structure of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Stefan K. Nielsen , Rachel S. Y. Teo , Laziz U. Abdullaev , Tan M. Nguyen

We introduce Mixture-of-Gaussians with Uncertainty-based Gating (MoGU), a novel Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) framework designed for regression tasks. MoGU replaces standard learned gating with an intrinsic routing paradigm where expert-specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Gilad Aviv , Jacob Goldberger , Yoli Shavit

Mixture of Experts (MoE) architectures have demonstrated remarkable success in scaling neural networks, yet their application to continual learning remains fundamentally limited by a critical vulnerability: the learned gating network itself…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Dev Vyas

Mixture of Experts (MoE), an ensemble of specialized models equipped with a router that dynamically distributes each input to appropriate experts, has achieved successful results in the field of machine learning. However, theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Ryotaro Kawata , Kohsei Matsutani , Yuri Kinoshita , Naoki Nishikawa , Taiji Suzuki

Modern large language models leverage Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures for efficient scaling, but face a critical challenge: functionally similar experts are often selected simultaneously, creating redundant computation and limiting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Chen Zheng , Yuhang Cai , Deyi Liu , Jin Ma , Yiyuan Ma , Yuan Yang , Jing Liu , Yutao Zeng , Xun Zhou , Siyuan Qiao

Sparse Mixture of Experts (SMoE) has emerged as a key to achieving unprecedented scalability in deep learning. By activating only a small subset of parameters per sample, SMoE achieves an exponential increase in parameter counts while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Tam Nguyen , Ngoc N. Tran , Khai Nguyen , Richard G. Baraniuk