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The travelling thief problem (TTP) is a representative of multi-component optimisation problems with interacting components. TTP combines the knapsack problem (KP) and the travelling salesman problem (TSP). A thief performs a cyclic tour…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Majid Namazi , Conrad Sanderson , M. A. Hakim Newton , Abdul Sattar

The Travelling Thief Problem (TTP) is a challenging combinatorial optimization problem that attracts many scholars. The TTP interconnects two well-known NP-hard problems: the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) and the 0-1 Knapsack Problem…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-17 Lei Yang , Zitong Zhang , Xiaotian Jia , Peipei Kang , Wensheng Zhang , Dongya Wang

Real-world problems are very difficult to optimize. However, many researchers have been solving benchmark problems that have been extensively investigated for the last decades even if they have very few direct applications. The Traveling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-03-25 Mohamed El Yafrani , Belaïd Ahiod

In real-world optimisation, it is common to face several sub-problems interacting and forming the main problem. There is an inter-dependency between the sub-problems, making it impossible to solve such a problem by focusing on only one…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-01-05 Adel Nikfarjam , Aneta Neumann , Frank Neumann

The travelling thief problem (TTP) is a multi-component optimisation problem involving two interdependent NP-hard components: the travelling salesman problem (TSP) and the knapsack problem (KP). Recent state-of-the-art TTP solvers modify…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-01 Majid Namazi , Conrad Sanderson , M. A. Hakim Newton , Abdul Sattar

The Traveling Thief Problem (TTP) is a multi-component optimization problem that captures the interplay between routing and packing decisions by combining the classical Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP) and the Knapsack Problem (KP). The…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Jan Eube , Kelin Luo , Aneta Neumann , Frank Neumann , Heiko Röglin

The Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP) is one of the best-known combinatorial optimisation problems. However, many real-world problems are composed of several interacting components. The Traveling Thief Problem (TTP) addresses such…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-06-08 Jakob Bossek , Aneta Neumann , Frank Neumann

Many evolutionary and constructive heuristic approaches have been introduced in order to solve the Traveling Thief Problem (TTP). However, the accuracy of such approaches is unknown due to their inability to find global optima. In this…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-08-02 Junhua Wu , Markus Wagner , Sergey Polyakovskiy , Frank Neumann

In this paper, we propose a method to solve a bi-objective variant of the well-studied Traveling Thief Problem (TTP). The TTP is a multi-component problem that combines two classic combinatorial problems: Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP)…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-07-29 Jonatas B. C. Chagas , Julian Blank , Markus Wagner , Marcone J. F. Souza , Kalyanmoy Deb

While traditional optimization problems were often studied in isolation, many real-world problems today require interdependence among multiple optimization components. The traveling thief problem (TTP) is a multi-component problem that has…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Helen Yuliana Angmalisang , Frank Neumann

We tackle the Thief Orienteering Problem (ThOP), an academic multi-component problem that combines two classical combinatorial problems, namely the Knapsack Problem and the Orienteering Problem. In the ThOP, a thief has a time limit to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Jonatas B. C. Chagas , Markus Wagner

Many real-world problems are composed of several interacting components. In order to facilitate research on such interactions, the Traveling Thief Problem (TTP) was created in 2013 as the combination of two well-understood combinatorial…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-09-05 Markus Wagner , Marius Lindauer , Mustafa Misir , Samadhi Nallaperuma , Frank Hutter

Investigation of detailed and complex optimisation problem formulations that reflect realistic scenarios is a burgeoning field of research. A growing body of work exists for the Travelling Thief Problem, including multi-objective…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-02-10 Daniel Herring , Michael Kirley , Xin Yao

Understanding the interactions between different combinatorial optimisation problems in real-world applications is a challenging task. Recently, the traveling thief problem (TTP), as a combination of the classical traveling salesperson…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-02-20 Frank Neumann , Sergey Polyakovskiy , Martin Skutella , Leen Stougie , Junhua Wu

Since its inception in 2013, the Travelling Thief Problem (TTP) has been widely studied as an example of problems with multiple interconnected sub-problems. The dependency in this model arises when tying the travelling time of the "thief"…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-03-10 Mohamed El Yafrani , Marcella Scoczynski , Myriam Delgado , Ricardo Lüders , Peter Nielsen , Markus Wagner

The chance constrained travelling thief problem (chance constrained TTP) has been introduced as a stochastic variation of the classical travelling thief problem (TTP) in an attempt to embody the effect of uncertainty in the problem…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Thilina Pathirage Don , Aneta Neumann , Frank Neumann

The travelling thief problem (TTP) is a well-known multi-component optimisation problem that captures the interdependence between two components: the tour across cities and the packing of items. The packing while travelling problem (PWT) is…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Thilina Pathirage Don , Aneta Neumann , Frank Neumann

This paper introduces the Packing While Traveling problem as a new non-linear knapsack problem. Given are a set of cities that have a set of items of distinct profits and weights and a vehicle that may collect the items when visiting all…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-03-22 Sergey Polyakovskiy , Frank Neumann

Several important optimization problems in the area of vehicle routing can be seen as a variant of the classical Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP). In the area of evolutionary computation, the traveling thief problem (TTP) has gained…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-02-05 Jakob Bossek , Katrin Casel , Pascal Kerschke , Frank Neumann

Many real-world optimization problems have multiple interacting components. Each of these can be NP-hard and they can be in conflict with each other, i.e., the optimal solution for one component does not necessarily represent an optimal…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-09-13 Jonatas B. C. Chagas , Markus Wagner
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