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Phishing has become a prominent risk in modern cybersecurity, often used to bypass technological defences by exploiting predictable human behaviour. Warning dialogues are a standard mitigation measure, but the lack of explanatory clarity…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Federico Maria Cau , Giuseppe Desolda , Francesco Greco , Lucio Davide Spano , Luca Viganò

Sophisticated phishing attacks have emerged as a major cybersecurity threat, becoming more common and difficult to prevent. Though machine learning techniques have shown promise in detecting phishing attacks, they function mainly as "black…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Bryan Lim , Roman Huerta , Alejandro Sotelo , Anthonie Quintela , Priyanka Kumar

The last decades have been characterized by unprecedented technological advances, many of them powered by modern technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML). The world has become more digitally connected than…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-04 Marc Schmitt

Machine Learning (ML) has been widely applied to cybersecurity and is considered state-of-the-art for solving many of the open issues in that field. However, it is very difficult to evaluate how good the produced solutions are, since the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Fabrício Ceschin , Marcus Botacin , Albert Bifet , Bernhard Pfahringer , Luiz S. Oliveira , Heitor Murilo Gomes , André Grégio

Phishing (password + fishing) is a form of cyber crime based on social engineering and site spoofing techniques. The name of 'phishing' is a conscious misspelling of the word 'fishing' and involves stealing confidential data from a user's…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2012-01-05 Wajeb Gharibi

Many domains now leverage the benefits of Machine Learning (ML), which promises solutions that can autonomously learn to solve complex tasks by training over some data. Unfortunately, in cyberthreat detection, high-quality data is hard to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Tobias Braun , Irdin Pekaric , Giovanni Apruzzese

The impact of frontier AI (i.e., AI agents and foundation models) in cybersecurity is rapidly increasing. In this paper, we comprehensively analyze this trend through multiple aspects: quantitative benchmarks, qualitative literature review,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Yujin Potter , Wenbo Guo , Zhun Wang , Tianneng Shi , Hongwei Li , Andy Zhang , Patrick Gage Kelley , Kurt Thomas , Dawn Song

Phishing campaigns involve adversaries masquerading as trusted vendors trying to trigger user behavior that enables them to exfiltrate private data. While URLs are an important part of phishing campaigns, communicative elements like text…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Fengchao Chen , Tingmin Wu , Van Nguyen , Carsten Rudolph

Malicious URL, a.k.a. malicious website, is a common and serious threat to cybersecurity. Malicious URLs host unsolicited content (spam, phishing, drive-by exploits, etc.) and lure unsuspecting users to become victims of scams (monetary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-22 Doyen Sahoo , Chenghao Liu , Steven C. H. Hoi

Spam messes up users inbox, consumes resources and spread attacks like DDoS, MiM, phishing etc. Phishing is a byproduct of email and causes financial loss to users and loss of reputation to financial institutions. In this paper we examine…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2011-08-09 Cynthia Dhinakaran , Dhinaharan Nagamalai , Jae Kwang Lee

We examined the influence of three social engineering strategies on users' judgments of how safe it is to click on a link in an email. The three strategies examined were authority, scarcity and social proof, and the emails were either…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2016-06-06 Marcus Butavicius , Kathryn Parsons , Malcolm Pattinson , Agata McCormac

Several previous studies have investigated user susceptibility to phishing attacks. A thorough meta-analysis or systematic review is required to gain a better understanding of these findings and to assess the strength of evidence for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Shahryar Baki , Rakesh Verma

Phishing is a form of cybercrime and a threat that allows criminals, phishers, to deceive end users in order to steal their confidential and sensitive information. Attackers usually attempt to manipulate the psychology and emotions of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-23 Mousa Jari

While machine learning is vulnerable to adversarial examples, it still lacks systematic procedures and tools for evaluating its security in different application contexts. In this article, we discuss how to develop automated and scalable…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-13 Luca Demetrio , Battista Biggio , Fabio Roli

With the emergence of data silos and popular privacy awareness, the traditional centralized approach of training artificial intelligence (AI) models is facing strong challenges. Federated learning (FL) has recently emerged as a promising…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-03-05 Lingjuan Lyu , Han Yu , Qiang Yang

There is an increase in global malware threats. To address this, an encryption-type ransomware has been introduced on the Android operating system. The challenges associated with malicious threats in phone use have become a pressing issue…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Parick Ozoh , John K Omoniyi , Bukola Ibitoye

The black-box nature of artificial intelligence (AI) models has been the source of many concerns in their use for critical applications. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is a rapidly growing research field that aims to create…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Gaith Rjoub , Jamal Bentahar , Omar Abdel Wahab , Rabeb Mizouni , Alyssa Song , Robin Cohen , Hadi Otrok , Azzam Mourad

Phishing sites continue to grow in volume and sophistication. Recent work leverages large language models (LLMs) to analyze URLs, HTML, and rendered content to decide whether a website is a phishing site. While these approaches are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Takashi Koide , Hiroki Nakano , Daiki Chiba

Embedded into information systems, artificial intelligence (AI) faces security threats that exploit AI-specific vulnerabilities. This paper provides an accessible overview of adversarial attacks unique to predictive and generative AI…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Naoto Kiribuchi , Kengo Zenitani , Takayuki Semitsu

Anti-phishing aims to detect phishing content/documents in a pool of textual data. This is an important problem in cybersecurity that can help to guard users from fraudulent information. Natural language processing (NLP) offers a natural…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-05-07 Minh Nguyen , Toan Nguyen , Thien Huu Nguyen