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Machine learning is advancing rapidly, with applications bringing notable benefits, such as improvements in translation and code generation. Models like ChatGPT, powered by Large Language Models (LLMs), are increasingly integrated into…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Torsten Krauß , Hamid Dashtbani , Alexandra Dmitrienko

Large Language Models(LLMs) have been successful in numerous fields. Alignment has usually been applied to prevent them from harmful purposes. However, aligned LLMs remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks that deliberately mislead them into…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Shang Liu , Hanyu Pei , Zeyan Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are a double-edged sword capable of generating harmful misinformation -- inadvertently, or when prompted by "jailbreak" attacks that attempt to produce malicious outputs. LLMs could, with additional research, be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Ayana Hussain , Patrick Zhao , Nicholas Vincent

Large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to sophisticated prompt engineering attacks that exploit contextual framing to bypass safety mechanisms, posing significant risks in cybersecurity applications. We introduce Jailbreak Mimicry,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Pavlos Ntais

Large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, have emerged with astonishing capabilities approaching artificial general intelligence. While providing convenience for various societal needs, LLMs have also lowered the cost of generating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-28 Zhenhua Wang , Wei Xie , Kai Chen , Baosheng Wang , Zhiwen Gui , Enze Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have been increasingly applied to various domains, which triggers increasing concerns about LLMs' safety on specialized domains, e.g. medicine. Despite prior explorations on general jailbreaking attacks, there…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Shangqing Tu , Zhuoran Pan , Wenxuan Wang , Zhexin Zhang , Yuliang Sun , Jifan Yu , Hongning Wang , Lei Hou , Juanzi Li

As large language models (LLMs) grow more capable, they face growing vulnerability to sophisticated jailbreak attacks. While developers invest heavily in alignment finetuning and safety guardrails, researchers continue publishing novel…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Boyuan Chen , Minghao Shao , Abdul Basit , Siddharth Garg , Muhammad Shafique

Large Language Models (LLMs) have increasingly become pivotal in content generation with notable societal impact. These models hold the potential to generate content that could be deemed harmful.Efforts to mitigate this risk include…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Kexin Chen , Yi Liu , Dongxia Wang , Jiaying Chen , Wenhai Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized Artificial Intelligence (AI) services due to their exceptional proficiency in understanding and generating human-like text. LLM chatbots, in particular, have seen widespread adoption,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Gelei Deng , Yi Liu , Yuekang Li , Kailong Wang , Ying Zhang , Zefeng Li , Haoyu Wang , Tianwei Zhang , Yang Liu

Despite recent advances, Large Language Models remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks that bypass alignment safeguards and elicit harmful outputs. While prior research has proposed various attack strategies differing in human readability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Havva Alizadeh Noughabi , Julien Serbanescu , Fattane Zarrinkalam , Ali Dehghantanha

Large language models (LLMs) rely on safety alignment to avoid responding to malicious user inputs. Unfortunately, jailbreak can circumvent safety guardrails, resulting in LLMs generating harmful content and raising concerns about LLM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Zhenhong Zhou , Haiyang Yu , Xinghua Zhang , Rongwu Xu , Fei Huang , Yongbin Li

Jailbreak attacks cause large language models (LLMs) to generate harmful, unethical, or otherwise objectionable content. Evaluating these attacks presents a number of challenges, which the current collection of benchmarks and evaluation…

This paper introduces MetaDefense, a novel framework for defending against finetuning-based jailbreak attacks in large language models (LLMs). We observe that existing defense mechanisms fail to generalize to harmful queries disguised by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Weisen Jiang , Sinno Jialin Pan

Small language models (SLMs) have emerged as promising alternatives to large language models (LLMs) due to their low computational demands, enhanced privacy guarantees and comparable performance in specific domains through light-weight…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Wenhui Zhang , Huiyu Xu , Zhibo Wang , Zeqing He , Ziqi Zhu , Kui Ren

Large Language Models (LLMs) are susceptible to Jailbreaking attacks, which aim to extract harmful information by subtly modifying the attack query. As defense mechanisms evolve, directly obtaining harmful information becomes increasingly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Yixin Cheng , Markos Georgopoulos , Volkan Cevher , Grigorios G. Chrysos

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across diverse tasks. Nevertheless, they still pose notable safety risks due to potential misuse for malicious purposes. Jailbreaking, which seeks to induce models to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Hua Tang , Lingyong Yan , Yukun Zhao , Shuaiqiang Wang , Jizhou Huang , Dawei Yin

Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant advancements and are now widely used across various domains. Unfortunately, there has been a rising concern that LLMs can be misused to generate harmful or malicious content.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Bochuan Cao , Yuanpu Cao , Lu Lin , Jinghui Chen

Recent research has shown that carefully crafted jailbreak inputs can induce large language models to produce harmful outputs, despite safety measures such as alignment. It is important to anticipate the range of potential Jailbreak attacks…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Pedram Zaree , Md Abdullah Al Mamun , Quazi Mishkatul Alam , Yue Dong , Ihsen Alouani , Nael Abu-Ghazaleh

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into consumer and enterprise applications. Despite their capabilities, they remain susceptible to adversarial attacks such as prompt injection and jailbreaks that override alignment…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Chetan Pathade

This paper focuses on jailbreaking attacks against multi-modal large language models (MLLMs), seeking to elicit MLLMs to generate objectionable responses to harmful user queries. A maximum likelihood-based algorithm is proposed to find an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Zhenxing Niu , Haodong Ren , Xinbo Gao , Gang Hua , Rong Jin