Related papers: Odds are the sign is right

Sensitivity analysis informs causal inference by assessing the sensitivity of conclusions to departures from assumptions. The consistency assumption states that there are no hidden versions of treatment and that the outcome arising…

The hazard ratio, typically estimated using Cox's famous proportional hazards model, is the most common effect measure used to describe the association or effect of a covariate on a time-to-event outcome. In recent years the hazard ratio…

Inference for causal effects can benefit from the availability of an instrumental variable (IV) which, by definition, is associated with the given exposure, but not with the outcome of interest other than through a causal exposure effect.…

The odds ratio (OR) is a measure of effect size commonly used in observational research. OR reflects statistical association between a binary outcome, such as the presence of a health condition, and a binary predictor, such as an exposure…

The odds ratio measure is used in health and social surveys where the odds of a certain event is to be compared between two populations. It is defined using logistic regression, and requires that data from surveys are accompanied by their…

Three statistical studies, all published between 2004 and 2008 but without referring to one another, assert a useful equivalence involving the hazard ratio, a parameter estimated for time to event data by the frequently used proportional…

In contingency table analysis, the odds ratio is a commonly applied measure used to summarize the degree of association between two categorical variables, say R and S. Suppose now that for each individual in the table, a vector of…

Covariate adjustment can enhance precision and power in clinical trials, yet its application to the win odds remains unclear. The win odds is an extension of the win ratio that counts ties as half a win for the treatment and the control…

Hazard ratios are often used to evaluate time to event outcomes, but they may be hard to interpret. A particular issue arise because hazards are typically estimated conditional on survival, i.e.\ on left truncated samples. Then, hazard…

We consider a general proportional odds model for survival data under binary treatment, where the functional form of the covariates is left unspecified. We derive the efficient score for the conditional survival odds ratio given the…

We often seek to estimate the causal effect of an exposure on a particular outcome in both randomized and observational settings. One such estimation method is the covariate-adjusted residuals estimator, which was designed for individually…

In many randomized clinical trials of therapeutics for COVID-19, the primary outcome is an ordinal categorical variable, and interest focuses on the odds ratio (active agent vs. control) under the assumption of a proportional odds model.…

In the statistical literature, a number of methods have been proposed to ensure valid inference about marginal effects of variables on a longitudinal outcome in settings with irregular monitoring times. However, the potential biases due to…

In observational studies for the interaction between exposures on dichotomous outcome of a population, one usually uses one parameter of a regression model to describe the interaction, leading to one measure of the interaction. In this…

We consider the estimation of measures of model performance in a target population when covariate and outcome data are available on a sample from some source population and covariate data, but not outcome data, are available on a simple…

We present a new procedure for conducting a sensitivity analysis in matched observational studies. For any candidate test statistic, the approach defines tilted modifications dependent upon the proposed strength of unmeasured confounding.…

An individual has been subjected to some exposure and has developed some outcome. Using data on similar individuals, we wish to evaluate, for this case, the probability that the outcome was in fact caused by the exposure. Even with the best…

Accurately estimating the proportion of true signals among a large number of variables is crucial for enhancing the precision and reliability of scientific research. Traditional signal proportion estimators often assume independence among…

Standard measures of effect, including the risk ratio, the odds ratio, and the risk difference, are associated with a number of well-described shortcomings, and no consensus exists about the conditions under which investigators should…

The risk ratio is a popular tool for summarizing the relationship between a binary covariate and outcome, even when outcomes may be dependent. Investigations of infectious disease outcomes in cohort studies of individuals embedded within…