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Generalizing to out-of-distribution (OOD) data or unseen domain, termed OOD generalization, still lacks appropriate theoretical guarantees. Canonical OOD bounds focus on different distance measurements between source and target domains but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Yingtian Zou , Kenji Kawaguchi , Yingnan Liu , Jiashuo Liu , Mong-Li Lee , Wynne Hsu

Constructing a robust model that can effectively generalize to test samples under distribution shifts remains a significant challenge in the field of medical imaging. The foundational models for vision and language, pre-trained on extensive…

Although pretrained Transformers such as BERT achieve high accuracy on in-distribution examples, do they generalize to new distributions? We systematically measure out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization for seven NLP datasets by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-17 Dan Hendrycks , Xiaoyuan Liu , Eric Wallace , Adam Dziedzic , Rishabh Krishnan , Dawn Song

This paper reexamines the research on out-of-distribution (OOD) robustness in the field of NLP. We find that the distribution shift settings in previous studies commonly lack adequate challenges, hindering the accurate evaluation of OOD…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Lifan Yuan , Yangyi Chen , Ganqu Cui , Hongcheng Gao , Fangyuan Zou , Xingyi Cheng , Heng Ji , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Machine learning models, while progressively advanced, rely heavily on the IID assumption, which is often unfulfilled in practice due to inevitable distribution shifts. This renders them susceptible and untrustworthy for deployment in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Han Yu , Jiashuo Liu , Xingxuan Zhang , Jiayun Wu , Peng Cui

State-of-the-art image classifiers trained on massive datasets (such as ImageNet) have been shown to be vulnerable to a range of both intentional and incidental distribution shifts. On the other hand, several recent classifiers with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-16 Benjamin Feuer , Ameya Joshi , Chinmay Hegde

Distribution shifts on graphs -- the data distribution discrepancies between training and testing a graph machine learning model, are often ubiquitous and unavoidable in real-world scenarios. Such shifts may severely deteriorate the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Shuhan Liu , Kaize Ding

Distribution shifts on graphs -- the discrepancies in data distribution between training and employing a graph machine learning model -- are ubiquitous and often unavoidable in real-world scenarios. These shifts may severely deteriorate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Kexin Zhang , Shuhan Liu , Song Wang , Weili Shi , Chen Chen , Pan Li , Sheng Li , Jundong Li , Kaize Ding

Although machine learning models typically experience a drop in performance on out-of-distribution data, accuracies on in- versus out-of-distribution data are widely observed to follow a single linear trend when evaluated across a testbed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-01 Anders Andreassen , Yasaman Bahri , Behnam Neyshabur , Rebecca Roelofs

Improving the accuracy of deep neural networks (DNNs) on out-of-distribution (OOD) data is critical to an acceptance of deep learning (DL) in real world applications. It has been observed that accuracies on in-distribution (ID) versus OOD…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Sara Fridovich-Keil , Brian R. Bartoldson , James Diffenderfer , Bhavya Kailkhura , Peer-Timo Bremer

"Effective robustness" measures the extra out-of-distribution (OOD) robustness beyond what can be predicted from the in-distribution (ID) performance. Existing effective robustness evaluations typically use a single test set such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Zhouxing Shi , Nicholas Carlini , Ananth Balashankar , Ludwig Schmidt , Cho-Jui Hsieh , Alex Beutel , Yao Qin

Most research designing novel predictive models, or employing existing ones, assumes that training and testing data are independent and identically distributed. In practice, the data encountered at serving time often deviate from the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Hanyu Duan , Yi Yang , Ahmed Abbasi , Kar Yan Tam

We introduce four new real-world distribution shift datasets consisting of changes in image style, image blurriness, geographic location, camera operation, and more. With our new datasets, we take stock of previously proposed methods for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-27 Dan Hendrycks , Steven Basart , Norman Mu , Saurav Kadavath , Frank Wang , Evan Dorundo , Rahul Desai , Tyler Zhu , Samyak Parajuli , Mike Guo , Dawn Song , Jacob Steinhardt , Justin Gilmer

Generalization remains a central yet unresolved challenge in deep learning, particularly the ability to predict a model's performance beyond its training distribution using quantities available prior to test-time evaluation. Building on the…

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for model trustworthiness which aims to sensitively identify semantic OOD samples and robustly generalize for covariate-shifted OOD samples. However, we discover that the superior OOD…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Qingyang Zhang , Qiuxuan Feng , Joey Tianyi Zhou , Yatao Bian , Qinghua Hu , Changqing Zhang

Existing works have made great progress in improving adversarial robustness, but typically test their method only on data from the same distribution as the training data, i.e. in-distribution (ID) testing. As a result, it is unclear how…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Lin Li , Yifei Wang , Chawin Sitawarin , Michael Spratling

Deep models often fail to generalize well in test domains when the data distribution differs from that in the training domain. Among numerous approaches to address this Out-of-Distribution (OOD) generalization problem, there has been a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Qixun Wang , Yifei Wang , Hong Zhu , Yisen Wang

As training datasets grow larger, we aspire to develop models that generalize well to any diverse test distribution, even if the latter deviates significantly from the training data. Various approaches like domain adaptation, domain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Andreas Loukas , Karolis Martinkus , Ed Wagstaff , Kyunghyun Cho

Learning robust vision models that perform well in out-of-distribution (OOD) situations is an important task for model deployment in real-world settings. Despite extensive research in this field, many proposed methods have only shown minor…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Gyuseong Lee , Wooseok Jang , Jinhyeon Kim , Jaewoo Jung , Seungryong Kim

We consider the task of out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization, where the distribution shift is due to an unobserved confounder ($Z$) affecting both the covariates ($X$) and the labels ($Y$). This confounding introduces heterogeneity in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Parjanya Prashant , Seyedeh Baharan Khatami , Bruno Ribeiro , Babak Salimi
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