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We present a self-contained analysis of infinity from two mathematical perspectives: set theory and algebra. We begin with cardinal and ordinal numbers, examining deep questions such as the continuum hypothesis, along with foundational…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2025-05-16 Noah Betz

In other work we have outlined how, building on ideas of Welch and Roberts, one can motivate believing in the existence of supercompact cardinals. After making this observation we strove to formulate a justification for large-cardinal…

Logic · Mathematics 2018-01-03 Rupert McCallum

A cardinal $\lambda$ satisfies a property P robustly if, whenever $\mathbb{Q}$ is a forcing poset and $|\mathbb{Q}|^+ < \lambda$, $\lambda$ satisfies P in $V^{\mathbb{Q}}$. We study the extent to which certain reflection properties of large…

Logic · Mathematics 2015-10-19 Chris Lambie-Hanson

We present a coherent collection of finite mathematical theorems some of which can only be proved by going well beyond the usual axioms for mathematics. The proofs of these theorems illustrate in clear terms how one uses the well studied…

Logic · Mathematics 2016-09-07 Harvey M. Friedman

Many set theorists point to the linearity phenomenon in the hierarchy of consistency strength, by which natural theories tend to be linearly ordered and indeed well ordered by consistency strength. Why should it be linear? In this paper I…

Logic · Mathematics 2022-08-29 Joel David Hamkins

A new large-cardinal property is introduced which enables one to give a relative consistency proof of restricted versions of the reflection principles discussed by Tait in his essay "Constructing Cardinals from Below".

Logic · Mathematics 2013-01-08 Rupert McCallum

We discuss some well-known compactness principles for uncountable structures of small regular sizes ($\omega_n$ for $2 \le n<\omega$, $\aleph_{\omega+1}$, $\aleph_{\omega^2+1}$, etc.), consistent from weakly compact (the size-restricted…

Logic · Mathematics 2026-05-05 Radek Honzik

This work is a part of my upcoming thesis [7]. We establish an equiconsistency between (1) weak indestructibility for all $\kappa +2$-degrees of strength for cardinals $\kappa $ in the presence of a proper class of strong cardinals, and (2)…

Logic · Mathematics 2024-11-20 James Holland

Accessible categories admit a purely category-theoretic replacement for cardinality: the internal size. Generalizing results and methods from arXiv:1708.06782, we examine set-theoretic problems related to internal sizes and prove several…

Logic · Mathematics 2019-06-06 Michael Lieberman , Jiří Rosický , Sebastien Vasey

This paper develops a rich theory of cardinality in the paraconsistent and paracomplete set theory $\mathrm{BZFC}$, where sets can be inconsistent ($A$ such that ``$x\in A$'' is both true and false for some $x$) or incomplete ($A$ such that…

Logic · Mathematics 2026-04-09 Hrafn Valtýr Oddsson

This paper outlines a general formal framework for reasoning systems, intended to support future analysis of inference architectures across domains. We model reasoning systems as structured tuples comprising phenomena, explanation space,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Saleh Nikooroo , Thomas Engel

We introduce the notion of $\mathcal{C}$-system of filters, generalizing the standard definitions of both extenders and towers of normal ideals. This provides a framework to develop the theory of extenders and towers in a more general and…

Logic · Mathematics 2017-04-06 Giorgio Audrito , Silvia Steila

After reviewing various natural bi-interpretations in urelement set theory, including second-order set theories with urelements, we explore the strength of second-order reflection in these contexts. Ultimately, we prove, second-order…

Logic · Mathematics 2024-11-20 Joel David Hamkins , Bokai Yao

We prove a result concerning elementary embeddings of the set-theoretic universe into itself (Reinhardt embeddings) and functions on ordinals that "eventually dominate" such embeddings. We apply that result to show the existence of…

Logic · Mathematics 2025-05-02 Marwan Salam Mohammd

Large cardinals arising from the existence of arbitrarily long end elementary extension chains over models of set theory are studied here. In particular, we show that the large cardinals obtained that way (`Unfoldable cardinals') behave as…

Logic · Mathematics 2016-09-06 Andres Villaveces

A stationary subset S of a regular uncountable cardinal kappa reflects fully at regular cardinals if for every stationary set T subseteq kappa of higher order consisting of regular cardinals there exists an alpha in T such that S cap alpha…

Logic · Mathematics 2008-02-03 Thomas Jech , Saharon Shelah

We introduce exacting cardinals and a strengthening of these, ultraexacting cardinals. These are natural large cardinals defined equivalently as weak forms of rank-Berkeley cardinals, strong forms of J\'onsson cardinals, or in terms of…

Logic · Mathematics 2025-09-17 Juan P. Aguilera , Joan Bagaria , Philipp Lücke

The study of inner models was initiated by G\"odel's analysis of the constructible universe. Later, the study of canonical inner models with large cardinals, e.g., measurable cardinals, strong cardinals or Woodin cardinals, was pioneered by…

Logic · Mathematics 2023-02-07 Sandra Müller

It is widely claimed that the natural axiom systems$\unicode{x2013}$including the large cardinal axioms$\unicode{x2013}$form a well-ordered hierarchy. Yet, as is well-known, it is possible to exhibit non-linearity and ill-foundedness by…

Logic · Mathematics 2023-12-21 Hanul Jeon , James Walsh

The paper is a first of two and aims to show that (assuming large cardinals) set theory is a tractable (and we dare to say tame) first order theory when formalized in a first order signature with natural predicate symbols for the basic…

Logic · Mathematics 2020-03-23 Matteo Viale