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Large Language Models (LLMs) could struggle to fully understand legal theories and perform complex legal reasoning tasks. In this study, we introduce a challenging task (confusing charge prediction) to better evaluate LLMs' understanding of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Weikang Yuan , Junjie Cao , Zhuoren Jiang , Yangyang Kang , Jun Lin , Kaisong Song , tianqianjin lin , Pengwei Yan , Changlong Sun , Xiaozhong Liu

Objective To solve major clinical natural language processing (NLP) tasks using a unified text-to-text learning architecture based on a generative large language model (LLM) via prompt tuning. Methods We formulated 7 key clinical NLP tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Cheng Peng , Xi Yang , Aokun Chen , Zehao Yu , Kaleb E Smith , Anthony B Costa , Mona G Flores , Jiang Bian , Yonghui Wu

Large language models are revolutionizing several areas, including artificial creativity. However, the process of generation in machines profoundly diverges from that observed in humans. In particular, machine generation is characterized by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Giorgio Franceschelli , Mirco Musolesi

Large Language Models (LLMs) evaluation is a patchy and inconsistent landscape, and it is becoming clear that the quality of automatic evaluation metrics is not keeping up with the pace of development of generative models. We aim to improve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Andrea Sottana , Bin Liang , Kai Zou , Zheng Yuan

Virtual Labs offer valuable opportunities for hands-on, inquiry-based science learning, yet teachers often struggle to adapt them to fit their instructional goals. Third-party materials may not align with classroom needs, and developing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 R. Alexander Knipper , Indrani Dey , Souvika Sarkar , Hari Narayanan , Sadhana Puntambekar , Santu Karmaker

Generating accurate step-by-step reasoning is essential for Large Language Models (LLMs) to address complex problems and enhance robustness and interpretability. Despite the flux of research on developing advanced reasoning approaches,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Shibo Hao , Yi Gu , Haotian Luo , Tianyang Liu , Xiyan Shao , Xinyuan Wang , Shuhua Xie , Haodi Ma , Adithya Samavedhi , Qiyue Gao , Zhen Wang , Zhiting Hu

Evaluating the capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) in following instructions has heavily relied on a powerful LLM as the judge, introducing unresolved biases that deviate the judgments from human judges. In this work, we reevaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Xinxi Lyu , Yizhong Wang , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Pradeep Dasigi

Simulated Students offer a valuable methodological framework for evaluating pedagogical approaches and modelling diverse learner profiles, tasks which are otherwise challenging to undertake systematically in real-world settings. Recent…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Luis Marquez-Carpintero , Alberto Lopez-Sellers , Miguel Cazorla

This paper proposes a novel approach to evaluate Counter Narrative (CN) generation using a Large Language Model (LLM) as an evaluator. We show that traditional automatic metrics correlate poorly with human judgements and fail to capture the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Irune Zubiaga , Aitor Soroa , Rodrigo Agerri

While logical reasoning evaluation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has attracted significant attention, existing benchmarks predominantly rely on multiple-choice formats that are vulnerable to random guessing, leading to overestimated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Qin Zhu , Fei Huang , Runyu Peng , Keming Lu , Bowen Yu , Qinyuan Cheng , Xipeng Qiu , Xuanjing Huang , Junyang Lin

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities across tasks, yet they often require additional prompting techniques when facing complex problems. While approaches like self-correction and response selection have emerged as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Zichong Li , Xinyu Feng , Yuheng Cai , Zixuan Zhang , Tianyi Liu , Chen Liang , Weizhu Chen , Haoyu Wang , Tuo Zhao

This paper surveys the current state of the art in Natural Language Generation (NLG), defined as the task of generating text or speech from non-linguistic input. A survey of NLG is timely in view of the changes that the field has undergone…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-01-30 Albert Gatt , Emiel Krahmer

The widespread adoption of chat interfaces based on Large Language Models (LLMs) raises concerns about promoting superficial learning and undermining the development of critical thinking skills. Instead of relying on LLMs purely for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Lucile Favero , Daniel Frases , Juan Antonio Pérez-Ortiz , Tanja Käser , Nuria Oliver

Evaluating large language models (LLMs) on open-ended tasks without ground-truth labels is increasingly done via the LLM-as-a-judge paradigm. A critical but under-modeled issue is that judge LLMs differ substantially in reliability;…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-30 Mingyuan Xu , Xinzi Tan , Jiawei Wu , Doudou Zhou

The increasing use of LLMs as substitutes for humans in ``aligning'' LLMs has raised questions about their ability to replicate human judgments and preferences, especially in ambivalent scenarios where humans disagree. This study examines…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Bhaktipriya Radharapu , Manon Revel , Megan Ung , Sebastian Ruder , Adina Williams

Multi-task benchmarks such as GLUE and SuperGLUE have driven great progress of pretraining and transfer learning in Natural Language Processing (NLP). These benchmarks mostly focus on a range of Natural Language Understanding (NLU) tasks,…

Based on powerful Large Language Models (LLMs), recent generative Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have gained prominence as a pivotal research area, exhibiting remarkable capability for both comprehension and generation. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-03 Bohao Li , Rui Wang , Guangzhi Wang , Yuying Ge , Yixiao Ge , Ying Shan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive performance across a variety of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and natural language processing tasks, such as content creation, report generation, etc. However, unregulated malign application…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-15 Harika Abburi , Michael Suesserman , Nirmala Pudota , Balaji Veeramani , Edward Bowen , Sanmitra Bhattacharya

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced the development of Legal Artificial Intelligence (Legal AI) in recent years, enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of legal tasks. To advance research and applications of LLM-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Zhitian Hou , Zihan Ye , Nanli Zeng , Tianyong Hao , Kun Zeng

Pre-trained large language models (PLMs) underlie most new developments in natural language processing. They have shifted the field from application-specific model pipelines to a single model that is adapted to a wide range of tasks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-30 Joshua Maynez , Priyanka Agrawal , Sebastian Gehrmann