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Non-deterministically passing and failing test cases, so-called flaky tests, have recently become a focus area of software engineering research. While this research focus has been met with some enthusiastic endorsement from industry, prior…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-04-11 Martin Gruber , Gordon Fraser

Tests that cause spurious failures without any code changes, i.e., flaky tests, hamper regression testing, increase maintenance costs, may shadow real bugs, and decrease trust in tests. While the prevalence and importance of flakiness is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Martin Gruber , Stephan Lukasczyk , Florian Kroiß , Gordon Fraser

Flaky tests are software tests that exhibit a seemingly random outcome (pass or fail) when run against the same, identical code. Previous work has examined fixes to flaky tests and has proposed automated solutions to locate as well as fix…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-07-03 Moritz Eck , Fabio Palomba , Marco Castelluccio , Alberto Bacchelli

Flaky tests are a common problem in software testing. They produce inconsistent results when executed multiple times on the same code, invalidating the assumption that a test failure indicates a software defect. Recent work on LLM-based…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Alexander Berndt , Thomas Bach , Rainer Gemulla , Marcus Kessel , Sebastian Baltes

Flaky tests produce inconsistent outcomes without code changes, creating major challenges for software developers. An industrial case study reported that developers spend 1.28% of their time repairing flaky tests at a monthly cost of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Owain Parry , Gregory Kapfhammer , Michael Hilton , Phil McMinn

Flaky tests (tests with non-deterministic outcomes) can be problematic for testing efficiency and software reliability. Flaky tests in test suites can also significantly delay software releases. There have been several studies that attempt…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Negar Hashemi , Amjed Tahir , Shawn Rasheed

Non-deterministically behaving test cases cause developers to lose trust in their regression test suites and to eventually ignore failures. Detecting flaky tests is therefore a crucial task in maintaining code quality, as it builds the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Martin Gruber , Michael Heine , Norbert Oster , Michael Philippsen , Gordon Fraser

Test flakiness forms a major testing concern. Flaky tests manifest non-deterministic outcomes that cripple continuous integration and lead developers to investigate false alerts. Industrial reports indicate that on a large scale, the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-12-10 Sarra Habchi , Guillaume Haben , Mike Papadakis , Maxime Cordy , Yves Le Traon

Flaky tests are tests that can non-deterministically pass or fail, even in the absence of code changes.Despite being a source of false alarms, flaky tests often remain in test suites once they are detected, as they also may be relied upon…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Abdulrahman Alshammari , Paul Ammann , Michael Hilton , Jonathan Bell

Developers always wish to ensure that their latest changes to the code base do not break existing functionality. If test cases fail, they expect these failures to be connected to the submitted changes. Unfortunately, a flaky test can be the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Azeem Ahmad , Ola Leifler , Kristian Sandahl

Flaky tests are defined as tests that manifest non-deterministic behaviour by passing and failing intermittently for the same version of the code. These tests cripple continuous integration with false alerts that waste developers' time and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-07-22 Sarra Habchi , Guillaume Haben , Jeongju Sohn , Adriano Franci , Mike Papadakis , Maxime Cordy , Yves Le Traon

Test flakiness is a problem that affects testing and processes that rely on it. Several factors cause or influence the flakiness of test outcomes. Test execution order, randomness and concurrency are some of the more common and well-studied…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-20 Shawn Rasheed , Jens Dietrich , Amjed Tahir

Background. Automated test execution is an important activity to gather information about the quality of a software project. So-called flaky tests, however, negatively affect this process. Such tests fail seemingly at random without changes…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Alexander Berndt , Zoltán Nochta , Thomas Bach

In recent years, software engineers have explored ways to assist quantum software programmers. Our goal in this paper is to continue this exploration and see if quantum software programmers deal with some problems plaguing classical…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Lei Zhang , Mahsa Radnejad , Andriy Miranskyy

Software systems have been continuously evolved and delivered with high quality due to the widespread adoption of automated tests. A recurring issue hurting this scenario is the presence of flaky tests, a test case that may pass or fail…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-24 B. H. P. Camara , M. A. G. Silva , A. T. Endo , S. R. Vergilio

Flaky tests, tests that pass or fail nondeterministically without changes to code or environment, pose a serious threat to software reliability. While classical software engineering has developed a rich body of dynamic and static techniques…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Dongchan Kim , Hamidreza Khoramrokh , Lei Zhang , Andriy Miranskyy

Flaky tests (tests with non-deterministic outcomes) pose a major challenge for software testing. They are known to cause significant issues such as reducing the effectiveness and efficiency of testing and delaying software releases. In…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-12-05 Shawn Rasheed , Amjed Tahir , Jens Dietrich , Negar Hashemi , Lu Zhang

Much research on software testing makes an implicit assumption that test failures are deterministic such that they always witness the presence of the same defects. However, this assumption is not always true because some test failures are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-12-09 Maxime Cordy , Renaud Rwemalika , Mike Papadakis , Mark Harman

Flaky tests are tests that yield different outcomes when run on the same version of a program. This non-deterministic behaviour plagues continuous integration with false signals, wasting developers' time and reducing their trust in test…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-01 Amal Akli , Guillaume Haben , Sarra Habchi , Mike Papadakis , Yves Le Traon

Flaky tests cause significant problems as they can interrupt automated build processes that rely on all tests succeeding and undermine the trustworthiness of tests. Numerous causes of test flakiness have been identified, and program…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-03 Jens Dietrich , Shawn Rasheed , Amjed Tahir
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