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Related papers: VQPL: Vector Quantized Protein Language

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The potential of deep learning has been recognized in the protein structure prediction community for some time, and became indisputable after CASP13. In CASP14, deep learning has boosted the field to unanticipated levels reaching…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2021-09-14 Elodie Laine , Stephan Eismann , Arne Elofsson , Sergei Grudinin

Recent advancements in unsupervised protein language models (ProteinLMs), like ESM-1b and ESM-2, have shown promise in different protein prediction tasks. However, these models face challenges due to their high computational demands,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Shuang Peng , Fei Yang , Ning Sun , Sheng Chen , Yanfeng Jiang , Aimin Pan

Learning meaningful protein representation is important for a variety of biological downstream tasks such as structure-based drug design. Having witnessed the success of protein sequence pretraining, pretraining for structural data which is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-23 Yufei Huang , Lirong Wu , Haitao Lin , Jiangbin Zheng , Ge Wang , Stan Z. Li

Uncovering emergent concepts across transformer layers remains a significant challenge because the residual stream linearly mixes and duplicates information, obscuring how features evolve within large language models. Current research…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Ankur Garg , Xuemin Yu , Hassan Sajjad , Samira Ebrahimi Kahou

Vector Quantization (VQ) has become the cornerstone of tokenization for many multimodal Large Language Models and diffusion synthesis. However, existing VQ paradigms suffer from a fundamental conflict: they enforce discretization before the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Wenhao Zhao , Qiran Zou , Zhouhan Lin , Dianbo Liu

Protein language models (pLMs) have recently gained significant attention for their ability to uncover relationships between sequence, structure, and function from evolutionary statistics, thereby accelerating therapeutic drug discovery.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Darshan Patil , Pranshu Malviya , Mathieu Reymond , Quentin Fournier , Sarath Chandar

Deep Learning models encode rich semantic information in their hidden representations. However, it remains challenging to understand which parts of this information models actually rely on when making predictions. A promising line of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Xuemin Yu , Ankur Garg , Samira Ebrahimi Kahou , Hassan Sajjad

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has intensified the need for effective mechanisms to transform continuous multimodal data into discrete representations suitable for language-based processing. Discrete tokenization,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Jindong Li , Yali Fu , Jiahong Liu , Linxiao Cao , Wei Ji , Menglin Yang , Irwin King , Ming-Hsuan Yang

At the intersection of the rapidly growing biological data landscape and advancements in Natural Language Processing (NLP), protein language models (PLMs) have emerged as a transformative force in modern research. These models have achieved…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-02-12 Lei Wang , Xudong Li , Han Zhang , Jinyi Wang , Dingkang Jiang , Zhidong Xue , Yan Wang

The protein design problem involves finding polypeptide sequences folding into a given threedimensional structure. Its rigorous algorithmic solution is computationally demanding, involving a nested search in sequence and structure spaces.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-11 Veronica Panizza , Philipp Hauke , Cristian Micheletti , Pietro Faccioli

The distributed and continuous representations used by neural networks are at odds with representations employed in linguistics, which are typically symbolic. Vector quantization has been proposed as a way to induce discrete neural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-17 Bertrand Higy , Lieke Gelderloos , Afra Alishahi , Grzegorz Chrupała

Proteins are complex biomolecules that perform a variety of crucial functions within living organisms. Designing and generating novel proteins can pave the way for many future synthetic biology applications, including drug discovery.…

The equivalent nature of 3D coordinates has posed long term challenges in protein structure representation learning, alignment, and generation. Can we create a compact and invariant language that equivalently represents protein structures?…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-07-02 Zhangyang Gao , Cheng Tan , Stan Z. Li

Recent advances in Natural Language Processing (NLP) have ignited interest in developing effective methods for predicting protein-ligand interactions (PLIs) given their relevance to drug discovery and protein engineering efforts and the…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2024-10-18 James Michels , Ramya Bandarupalli , Amin Ahangar Akbari , Thai Le , Hong Xiao , Jing Li , Erik F. Y. Hom

The parallels between protein sequences and natural language in their sequential structures have inspired the application of large language models (LLMs) to protein understanding. Despite the success of LLMs in NLP, their effectiveness in…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2024-07-09 Yiqing Shen , Zan Chen , Michail Mamalakis , Luhan He , Haiyang Xia , Tianbin Li , Yanzhou Su , Junjun He , Yu Guang Wang

We introduce Concept Bottleneck Protein Language Models (CB-pLM), a generative masked language model with a layer where each neuron corresponds to an interpretable concept. Our architecture offers three key benefits: i) Control: We can…

Unlocking the next generation of biotechnology and therapeutic innovation demands overcoming the inherent complexity and resource-intensity of conventional protein engineering methods. Recent GenAI-powered computational techniques often…

The integration of molecular and natural language representations has emerged as a focal point in molecular science, with recent advancements in Language Models (LMs) demonstrating significant potential for comprehensive modeling of both…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-03-19 Qizhi Pei , Rui Yan , Kaiyuan Gao , Jinhua Zhu , Lijun Wu

Building a working mental model of a protein typically requires weeks of reading, cross-referencing crystal and predicted structures, and inspecting ligand complexes, an effort that is slow, unevenly accessible, and often requires…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-10-22 Carles Navarro , Mariona Torrens , Philipp Thölke , Stefan Doerr , Gianni De Fabritiis

Designing proteins de novo with tailored structural, physicochemical, and functional properties remains a grand challenge in biotechnology, medicine, and materials science, due to the vastness of sequence space and the complex coupling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Fiona Y. Wang , Di Sheng Lee , David L. Kaplan , Markus J. Buehler