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Benchmarks play a crucial role in the development and analysis of reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms, with environment availability strongly impacting research. One particularly underexplored intersection is continual learning (CL) in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Tristan Tomilin , Luka van den Boogaard , Samuel Garcin , Bram Grooten , Meng Fang , Yali Du , Mykola Pechenizkiy

Real-world games, which concern imperfect information, multiple players, and simultaneous moves, are less frequently discussed in the existing literature of game theory. While reinforcement learning (RL) provides a general framework to…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Runyu Lu , Yuanheng Zhu , Dongbin Zhao

A unique challenge in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) is the curse of multiagency, where the description length of the game as well as the complexity of many existing learning algorithms scale exponentially with the number of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Yuanhao Wang , Qinghua Liu , Yu Bai , Chi Jin

The deployment of multi-agent systems in dynamic, adversarial environments like robotic soccer necessitates real-time decision-making, sophisticated cooperation, and scalable algorithms to avoid the curse of dimensionality. While…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Aya Taourirte , Md Sohag Mia

In this paper, we investigate a competitive market involving two agents who consider both their own wealth and the wealth gap with their opponent. Both agents can invest in a financial market consisting of a risk-free asset and a risky…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-02-10 Junyi Guo , Xia Han , Hao Wang , Kam Chuen Yuen

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has been widely applied in autonomous exploration and mapping tasks, but often struggles with the challenges of sampling efficiency, poor adaptability to unknown map sizes, and slow simulation speed. To…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Zhi Li , Jinghao Xin , Ning Li

The availability of challenging simulation environments is pivotal for advancing the field of Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL). In cooperative MARL settings, the StarCraft Multi-Agent Challenge (SMAC) has gained prominence as a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Yue Deng , Yan Yu , Weiyu Ma , Zirui Wang , Wenhui Zhu , Jian Zhao , Yin Zhang

Evaluating deep multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithms is complicated by stochasticity in training and sensitivity of agent performance to the behavior of other agents. We propose a meta-game evaluation framework for deep MARL,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-05-02 Zun Li , Michael P. Wellman

Recent years have witnessed significant advances in reinforcement learning (RL), which has registered great success in solving various sequential decision-making problems in machine learning. Most of the successful RL applications, e.g.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-30 Kaiqing Zhang , Zhuoran Yang , Tamer Başar

Multi-agent Inverse Reinforcement Learning (MAIRL) aims to recover agent reward functions from expert demonstrations. We characterize the feasible reward set in Markov games, identifying all reward functions that rationalize a given…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Till Freihaut , Giorgia Ramponi

This work studies non-cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) where multiple agents interact in the same environment and whose goal is to maximize the individual returns. Challenges arise when scaling up the number of agents…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-14 Talal Algumaei , Ruben Solozabal , Reda Alami , Hakim Hacid , Merouane Debbah , Martin Takac

Multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL) is commonly considered to suffer from non-stationary environments and exponentially increasing policy space. It would be even more challenging when rewards are sparse and delayed over long…

Reinforcement learning algorithms such as Q-learning have shown great promise in training models to learn the optimal action to take for a given system state; a goal in applications with an exploratory or adversarial nature such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-08 Xusen Yin , Jonathan May

This paper investigates the problem of computing the equilibrium of competitive games, which is often modeled as a constrained saddle-point optimization problem with probability simplex constraints. Despite recent efforts in understanding…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-01-23 Shicong Cen , Yuting Wei , Yuejie Chi

The sim-to-real gap, where agents trained in a simulator face significant performance degradation during testing, is a fundamental challenge in reinforcement learning. Extansive works adopt the framework of distributionally robust RL, to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-12 Zewu Zheng , Yuanyuan Lin

Autonomous driving (AD) requires safe and reliable decision-making among interacting agents, e.g., vehicles, bicycles, and pedestrians. Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) modeled by Markov games (MGs) provides a suitable framework to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-20 Huiwen Yan , Mushuang Liu

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) is often modeled using the framework of Markov games (also called stochastic games or dynamic games). Most of the existing literature on MARL concentrates on zero-sum Markov games but is not…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Jayakumar Subramanian , Amit Sinha , Aditya Mahajan

Multi-agent reinforcement learning for incomplete information environments has attracted extensive attention from researchers. However, due to the slow sample collection and poor sample exploration, there are still some problems in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-12 Shuhan Qi , Shuhao Zhang , Xiaohan Hou , Jiajia Zhang , Xuan Wang , Jing Xiao

As modern air combat evolves toward beyond-visual-range (BVR) multi-aircraft cooperative engagements, autonomous decision-making for unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs) faces significant challenges due to high-dimensional state spaces,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Chengwei Li , Junlin Liu , Yang Gao

Learning from repeated play in a fixed two-player zero-sum game is a classic problem in game theory and online learning. We consider a variant of this problem where the game payoff matrix changes over time, possibly in an adversarial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-01 Mengxiao Zhang , Peng Zhao , Haipeng Luo , Zhi-Hua Zhou