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One of the crucial steps in scientific studies is to specify dependent relationships among factors in a system of interest. Given little knowledge of a system, can we characterize the underlying dependent relationships through observation…
Due to the diffusion of IoT, modern software systems are often thought to control and coordinate smart devices in order to manage assets and resources, and to guarantee efficient behaviours. For this class of systems, which interact…
With the advent of Big Data era, data reduction methods are highly demanded given its ability to simplify huge data, and ease complex learning processes. Concretely, algorithms that are able to filter relevant dimensions from a set of…
We propose lacunarity as a novel recurrence quantification measure and illustrate its efficacy to detect dynamical regime transitions which are exhibited by many complex real-world systems. We carry out a recurrence plot based analysis for…
Causality plays a central role in understanding interactions between variables in complex systems. These systems often exhibit state-dependent causal relationships, where both the strength and direction of causality vary with the value of…
Subjective judgements from experts provide essential information when assessing and modelling threats in respect to cyber-physical systems. For example, the vulnerability of individual system components can be described using multiple…
This research paper aims to find, analyze and understand code patterns in any software system and measure its quality by defining standards and proposing a formula for the same. Every code that is written can be divided into different code…
The effectiveness of recommendation systems is pivotal to user engagement and satisfaction in online platforms. As these recommendation systems increasingly influence user choices, their evaluation transcends mere technical performance and…
Refactoring is the process of improving the design of existing code by changing its internal structure without affecting its external behaviour, with the main aims of improving the quality of software product. Therefore, there is a belief…
Reasoning about safety, security, and other dependability attributes of autonomous systems is a challenge that needs to be addressed before the adoption of such systems in day-to-day life. Formal methods is a class of methods that…
We explore fairness from a statistical perspective by selectively utilizing either conditional distance covariance or distance covariance statistics as measures to assess the independence between predictions and sensitive attributes. We…
Data generated in the fields of science, technology, business and in many other fields of research are increasing in an exponential rate. The way to extract knowledge from a huge set of data is a challenging task. This paper aims to propose…
Objective: To present an overview on the current state of the art concerning metrics-based quality evaluation of software components and component assemblies. Method: Comparison of several approaches available in the literature, using a…
A key feature in self-adaptive systems is resilience, which is an ongoing research topic. Recently, the community started to explore antifragility, which describes the improvement of resilience over time. While there are model-agnostic…
We introduce the lcm-filtration and stepwise filtration, comparing their performance across various scenarios in terms of computational complexity, efficiency, and redundancy. The lcm-filtration often involves identical steps or ideals,…
Several concepts on the measure of observability, reachability, and robustness are defined and illustrated for both linear and nonlinear control systems. Defined by using computational dynamic optimization, these concepts are applicable to…
Information Retrieval (IR) systems are exposed to constant changes in most components. Documents are created, updated, or deleted, the information needs are changing, and even relevance might not be static. While it is generally expected…
This paper examines the properties of output-redundant systems, that is, systems possessing a larger number of outputs than inputs, through the lenses of the geometric approach of Wonham et al. We begin by formulating a simple output…
Redundancy is widely used to sustain service continuity in programmable and virtualized networks; however, replicated functions often share platforms, software stacks, and control dependencies, making them vulnerable to correlated failures.…
Large language models (LLMs) generate outputs by utilizing extensive context, which often includes redundant information from prompts, retrieved passages, and interaction history. In critical applications, it is vital to identify which…