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We are in the dawn of deep learning explosion for smartphones. To bridge the gap between research and practice, we present the first empirical study on 16,500 the most popular Android apps, demystifying how smartphone apps exploit deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-14 Mengwei Xu , Jiawei Liu , Yuanqiang Liu , Felix Xiaozhu Lin , Yunxin Liu , Xuanzhe Liu

Automatically constructing GUI groups of different granularities constitutes a critical intelligent step towards automating GUI design and implementation tasks. Specifically, in the industrial GUI-to-code process, fragmented layers may…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Yunnong Chen , Shuhong Xiao , Jiazhi Li , Tingting Zhou , Yanfang Chang , Yankun Zhen , Lingyun Sun , Liuqing Chen

Developing autonomous agents that effectively interact with Graphic User Interfaces (GUIs) remains a challenging open problem, especially for small on-device models. In this paper, we present Ferret-UI Lite, a compact, end-to-end GUI agent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Zhen Yang , Zi-Yi Dou , Di Feng , Forrest Huang , Anh Nguyen , Keen You , Omar Attia , Yuhao Yang , Michael Feng , Haotian Zhang , Ram Ramrakhya , Chao Jia , Jeffrey Nichols , Alexander Toshev , Yinfei Yang , Zhe Gan

Consumer applications are becoming increasingly smarter and most of them have to run on device ecosystems. Potential benefits are for example enabling cross-device interaction and seamless user experiences. Essential for today's smart…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-03-30 Muhammad Mehran Sunny , Moritz Berghofer , Ilhan Aslan

The Android ecosystem faces a notable challenge known as fragmentation, which denotes the extensive diversity within the system. This issue is mainly related to differences in system versions, device hardware specifications, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Zikan Dong , Yanjie Zhao , Tianming Liu , Chao Wang , Guosheng Xu , Guoai Xu , Haoyu Wang

Tapping is an immensely important gesture in mobile touchscreen interfaces, yet people still frequently are required to learn which elements are tappable through trial and error. Predicting human behavior for this everyday gesture can help…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-03-01 Amanda Swearngin , Yang Li

GUI agents hold significant potential to enhance the experience and efficiency of human-device interaction. However, current methods face challenges in generalizing across applications (apps) and tasks, primarily due to two fundamental…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Yuchen Sun , Shanhui Zhao , Tao Yu , Hao Wen , Samith Va , Mengwei Xu , Yuanchun Li , Chongyang Zhang

The mobile application (app) has become the main entrance to access the Internet on handheld devices. Unlike the Web where each webpage has a global URL to reach directly, a specific "content page" of an app can be opened only by exploring…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-05-24 Yun Ma , Xuanzhe Liu , Ruogu Du , Ziniu Hu , Yi Liu , Meihua Yu , Gang Huang

The process of developing a mobile application typically starts with the ideation and conceptualization of its user interface. This concept is then translated into a set of mock-ups to help determine how well the user interface embodies the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-01-07 Carlos Bernal-Cardenas , Kevin Moran , Michele Tufano , Zichang Liu , Linyong Nan , Zhehan Shi , Denys Poshyvanyk

Android apps are built on APIs that abstract core Android system functionalities. These APIs are officially documented in multiple files distributed with the Android source code or SDK, which we collectively refer to as Android API Lists…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Sinan Wang , Qi Zhang , Jiacheng Li , Lili Wei , Yida Tao , Yepang Liu

Smartphones and tablets have established themselves as mainstays in the modern computing landscape. It is conceivable that in the near future such devices may supplant laptops and desktops, becoming many users primary means of carrying out…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-01-19 Kevin Moran

Cross-device tracking has drawn growing attention from both commercial companies and the general public because of its privacy implications and applications for user profiling, personalized services, etc. One particular, wide-used type of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Binghui Wang , Tianchen Zhou , Song Li , Yinzhi Cao , Neil Zhenqiang Gong

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in (supervised) learning with graph data, especially using graph neural networks. However, the development of meaningful benchmark datasets and standardized evaluation procedures is lagging,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-20 Christopher Morris , Nils M. Kriege , Franka Bause , Kristian Kersting , Petra Mutzel , Marion Neumann

Graphical User Interface (GUI) has become one of the most significant parts of mobile applications (apps). It is a direct bridge between mobile apps and end users, which directly affects the end user's experience. Neglecting GUI quality can…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Shengcheng Yu , Chunrong Fang , Ziyuan Tuo , Quanjun Zhang , Chunyang Chen , Zhenyu Chen , Zhendong Su

Graphical User Interface (GUI) datasets are crucial for various downstream tasks. However, GUI datasets often generate annotation information through automatic labeling, which commonly results in inaccurate GUI element BBox annotations,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Qi Yang , Weichen Bi , Haiyang Shen , Yaoqi Guo , Yun Ma

Due to the importance of Android app quality assurance, many automated GUI testing tools have been developed. Although the test algorithms have been improved, the impact of GUI rendering has been overlooked. On the one hand, setting a long…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Sidong Feng , Mulong Xie , Chunyang Chen

While mobile app evolution has been widely studied, geographical variation in app behavior remains largely unexplored. This paper presents a large-scale study of location-based Android app differentiation, uncovering two important and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-27 M. Alecci , P. Jiménez , J. Samhi , T. Bissyandé , J. Klein

Fragmentation is a serious problem in the Android ecosystem. This problem is mainly caused by the fast evolution of the system itself and the various customizations independently maintained by different smartphone manufacturers. Many…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Pei Liu , Yanjie Zhao , Haipeng Cai , Mattia Fazzini , John Grundy , Li Li

Automated Graphical User Interface (GUI) testing plays a crucial role in ensuring app quality, especially as mobile applications have become an integral part of our daily lives. Despite the growing popularity of learning-based techniques in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Zhe Liu , Chunyang Chen , Junjie Wang , Mengzhuo Chen , Boyu Wu , Xing Che , Dandan Wang , Qing Wang

Automation of existing Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) is important but hard to achieve. Upstream of making the GUI user-accessible or somehow scriptable, even the data-collection to understand the original interface poses significant…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Iason Chaimalas , Arnas Vyšniauskas , Gabriel Brostow