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Functional causal models (fCMs) specify functional dependencies between random variables associated to the vertices of a graph. In directed acyclic graphs (DAGs), fCMs are well-understood: a unique probability distribution on the random…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-02-10 Carla Ferradini , Victor Gitton , V. Vilasini

Causal models in statistics are often described using acyclic directed mixed graphs (ADMGs), which contain directed and bidirected edges and no directed cycles. This article surveys various interpretations of ADMGs, discusses their…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-03-28 Qingyuan Zhao

Understanding causal relationships in multivariate time series is essential for predicting and controlling dynamic systems in fields like economics, neuroscience, and climate science. However, existing causal discovery methods often assume…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Abdellah Rahmani , Pascal Frossard

Bayesian inference for undirected graphical models is mostly restricted to the class of decomposable graphs, as they enjoy a rich set of properties making them amenable to high-dimensional problems. While parameter inference is…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-01-02 Mohamad Elmasri

The variability of structure in a finite Markov equivalence class of causally sufficient models represented by directed acyclic graphs has been fully characterized. Without causal sufficiency, an infinite semi-Markov equivalence class of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-02-01 Benoit Desjardins

In this paper, the relationship between probabilistic graphical models, in particular Bayesian networks, and causal diagrams, also called structural causal models, is studied. Structural causal models are deterministic models, based on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Peter J. F. Lucas , Eleonora Zullo , Fabio Stella

Every directed acyclic graph (DAG) over a finite non-empty set of variables (= nodes) N induces an independence model over N, which is a list of conditional independence statements over N.The inclusion problem is how to characterize (in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-01-14 Tomas Kocka , Remco R. Bouckaert , Milan Studeny

Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) and associated probability models are widely used to model neural connectivity and communication channels. In many experiments, data are collected from multiple subjects whose connectivities may differ but are…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-11-17 Chris J. Oates , Lilia Carneiro da Costa , Tom Nichols

Causal representation learning aims to recover the latent causal variables and their causal relations, typically represented by directed acyclic graphs (DAGs), from low-level observations such as image pixels. A prevailing line of research…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Ignavier Ng , Shaoan Xie , Xinshuai Dong , Peter Spirtes , Kun Zhang

Covariate adjustment is a widely used approach to estimate total causal effects from observational data. Several graphical criteria have been developed in recent years to identify valid covariates for adjustment from graphical causal…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2015-07-07 Emilija Perković , Johannes Textor , Markus Kalisch , Marloes H. Maathuis

The ultimate goal of most scientific studies is to understand the underlying causal mechanism between the involved variables. Structural causal models (SCMs) are widely used to represent such causal mechanisms. Given an SCM, causal queries…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-21 Beate Sick , Oliver Dürr

The estimator of a causal directed acyclic graph (DAG) with the PC algorithm is known to be consistent based on independent and identically distributed samples. In this paper, we consider the scenario when the multivariate samples are…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-11-07 Rahul Biswas , Somabha Mukherjee

Simulated DAG models may exhibit properties that, perhaps inadvertently, render their structure identifiable and unexpectedly affect structure learning algorithms. Here, we show that marginal variance tends to increase along the causal…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-11-11 Alexander G. Reisach , Christof Seiler , Sebastian Weichwald

A polynomial-time exact algorithm for counting the number of directed acyclic graphs in a Markov equivalence class was recently given by Wien\"obst, Bannach, and Li\'skiewicz (AAAI 2021). In this paper, we consider the more general problem…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-06-14 Vidya Sagar Sharma

Deterministic variables are variables that are fully explained by one or more parent variables. They commonly arise when a variable has been algebraically constructed from one or more parent variables, as with composite variables, and in…

Positional encoding is essential for supplementing transformer with positional information of tokens. Existing positional encoding methods demand predefined token/feature order, rendering them unsuitable for real-world data with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Kaichen Xu , Yihang Du , Mianpeng Liu , Zimu Yu , Xiaobo Sun

Although the concept of d-separation was originally defined for directed acyclic graphs (see Pearl 1988), there is a natural extension of he concept to directed cyclic graphs. When exactly the same set of d-separation relations hold in two…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-02-18 Thomas S. Richardson

New biological assays like Perturb-seq link highly parallel CRISPR interventions to a high-dimensional transcriptomic readout, providing insight into gene regulatory networks. Causal gene regulatory networks can be represented by directed…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-02-22 Albert Xue , Jingyou Rao , Sriram Sankararaman , Harold Pimentel

We establish a new framework for statistical estimation of directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) when data are generated from a linear, possibly non-Gaussian structural equation model. Our framework consists of two parts: (1) inferring the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2013-11-15 Po-Ling Loh , Peter Bühlmann

Causal models seek to unravel the cause-effect relationships among variables from observed data, as opposed to mere mappings among them, as traditional regression models do. This paper introduces a novel causal discovery algorithm designed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Saeed Mohseni-Sehdeh , Walid Saad