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Structural balance in social complex networks has been modeled with two types of triplet interactions. First, the interaction that only considers dynamic role for links or relationships (Heider balance), and second, the interaction that…

Physics and Society · Physics 2021-05-12 A. Kargaran , G. R. Jafari

Structural balance has been posited as one of the factors influencing how friendly and hostile relations of social actors evolve over time. This study investigates the behavior of the Heider balance model in Erd\"os-R\'enyi random graphs in…

Physics and Society · Physics 2024-07-10 Krishnadas Mohandas , Krzysztof Suchecki , Janusz A. Holyst

Heider balance theory provides a fundamental framework for understanding the formation of friendly and hostile relations in social networks. Existing stochastic formulations typically assume a uniform social temperature, implying that all…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-05-19 Zhen Li , Yuki Izumida

Heider's Balance Theory in signed networks, which consists of friendship or enmity relationships, is a model that relates the type of relationship between two people to the third person. In this model, there is an assumption of the…

Physics and Society · Physics 2022-05-18 M. H. Hakimi Siboni , A. Kargaran , G. R. Jafari

Hierarchy significantly shapes interactions in social structures by organizing individuals or groups based on status, power, or privilege. This study investigates how hierarchy affects structural balance as temperature variations, which…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-04-25 Amir Kargaran , Houman Jafari , G. Reza Jafari

The Heider balance addresses three-body interactions with the assumption that triads are equally important in the dynamics of the network. In many networks, the relations do not have the same strength so, triads are differently weighted.…

Physics and Society · Physics 2022-04-19 M. Bagherikalhor , A. Kargaran , A. H. Shirazi , G. R. Jafari

The dynamics of social relations and the possibility of reaching the state of structural balance (Heider balance) are discussed for various networks of interacting actors under the influence of the temperature modeling the social noise…

Physics and Society · Physics 2022-02-02 Maciej Wołoszyn , Krzysztof Malarz

The Heider balance is investigated in a chain of actors, with periodic boundary conditions and the neighborhood of range $r$, with $r$ as a parameter. Two model dynamics are applied: a deterministic cellular automaton (Malarz et al, Physica…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-12-25 Krzysztof Malarz , Krzysztof Kułakowski

Social network extensions of Heider's balance theory have not always been consistent. Structural balance theory primarily focuses on graph partitioning, thereby assuming, homogeneity in balance-driven behavior of nodes. We present a general…

Physics and Society · Physics 2024-10-15 David Dekker , David Krackhardt , Patrick Doreian , Pavel N. Krivitsky

Balance theory proposed by Heider for the first time modeled triplet interaction in a signed network, stating that relationships between two people, friendship or enmity, is dependent on a third person. The Hamiltonian of this model has an…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-10-22 A. Kargaran , M. Ebrahimi , M. Riazi , A. Hosseiny , G. R. Jafari

The Heider balance (HB) is investigated in a fully connected graph of $N$ nodes. The links are described by a real symmetric array r(i,j), i,j=1,...,N. In a social group, nodes represent group members and links represent relations between…

Physics and Society · Physics 2009-11-11 Krzysztof Kulakowski , Przemyslaw Gawronski , Piotr Gronek

To remove a cognitive dissonance in interpersonal relations, people tend to divide our acquaintances into friendly and hostile parts, both groups internally friendly and mutually hostile. This process is modeled as an evolution towards the…

We discuss the Heider model in the presence of an external social field. This field was introduced to break the symmetry between the probabilities of hostile and friendly relationships. We consider the system in the presence of fluctuations…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-12-05 Zdzisław Burda , Maciej Wołoszyn , Krzysztof Malarz , Krzysztof Kułakowski

The dynamics of networks on Heider balance theory moves toward reducing the tension by constantly reevaluating the interactions to achieve a state of balance. Conflict of interest, however, is inherent in most complex systems; frequently,…

Physics and Society · Physics 2021-02-23 Farideh Oloomi , Razieh Masoumi , Kosar Karimipour , Ali Hosseiny , G. Reza Jafari

Multilayer networks provide a framework to study complex systems with multiple types of interactions, multiple dynamical processes, and/or multiple subsystems. When studying a dynamical process on a multilayer network, it is important to…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-09-25 Suman S. Kulkarni , Christopher W. Lynn , Mason A. Porter , Dani S. Bassett

We consider the dynamics of interpersonal relations which leads to balanced states in a fully connected network. Here this approach is applied to directed networks with asymmetric relations, and it is generalized to include self-evaluation…

Physics and Society · Physics 2019-04-01 Malgorzata J. Krawczyk , Maciej Woloszyn , Piotr Gronek , Krzysztof Kulakowski , Janusz Mucha

We study the evolution of a social network with friendly/enmity connections into a balanced state by introducing a dynamical model with an intrinsic randomness, similar to Glauber dynamics in statistical mechanics. We include the…

Physics and Society · Physics 2019-08-14 Rana Shojaei , Pouya Manshour , Afshin Montakhab

The Heider balance is a state of a group of people with established mutual relations between them. These relations, friendly or hostile, can be measured in the Bogardus scale of the social distance. In previous works on the Heider balance,…

Physics and Society · Physics 2007-05-23 P. Gawronski , P. Gronek , K. Kulakowski

The lack of signed random networks in standard balance studies has prompted us to extend the Hamiltonian of the standard balance model. Random networks with tunable parameters are suitable for better understanding the behavior of standard…

Physics and Society · Physics 2022-09-21 R. Masoumi , F. Oloomi , S. Sajjadi , A. H. Shirazi , G. R. Jafari

The effect of gain and loss of esteem is introduced into the equations of time evolution of social relations, hostile or friendly, in a group of actors. The equations allow for asymmetric relations. We prove that in the presence of this…

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