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As Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly become key components in various AI applications, understanding their security vulnerabilities and the effectiveness of defense mechanisms is crucial. This survey examines the security challenges…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Frank Weizhen Liu , Chenhui Hu

Ensuring the security of large language models (LLMs) is an ongoing challenge despite their widespread popularity. Developers work to enhance LLMs security, but vulnerabilities persist, even in advanced versions like GPT-4. Attackers…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Aysan Esmradi , Daniel Wankit Yip , Chun Fai Chan

Modern large language model (LLM) developers typically conduct a safety alignment to prevent an LLM from generating unethical or harmful content. Recent studies have discovered that the safety alignment of LLMs can be bypassed by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Xuan Chen , Yuzhou Nie , Lu Yan , Yunshu Mao , Wenbo Guo , Xiangyu Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are changing the way people interact with technology. Tools like ChatGPT and Claude AI are now common in business, research, and everyday life. But with that growth comes new risks, especially prompt-based…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Austin Howard

The increasing sophistication of large vision-language models (LVLMs) has been accompanied by advances in safety alignment mechanisms designed to prevent harmful content generation. However, these defenses remain vulnerable to sophisticated…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Quanchen Zou , Zonghao Ying , Moyang Chen , Wenzhuo Xu , Yisong Xiao , Yakai Li , Deyue Zhang , Dongdong Yang , Zhao Liu , Xiangzheng Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) are typically aligned to be harmless to humans. Unfortunately, recent work has shown that such models are susceptible to automated jailbreak attacks that induce them to generate harmful content. More recent LLMs…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Neal Mangaokar , Ashish Hooda , Jihye Choi , Shreyas Chandrashekaran , Kassem Fawaz , Somesh Jha , Atul Prakash

Large Language Models (LLMs) serve as the backbone of modern AI systems, yet they remain susceptible to adversarial jailbreak attacks. Consequently, robust detection of such malicious inputs is paramount for ensuring model safety.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Jun Leng , Yu Liu , Litian Zhang , Ruihan Hu , Zhuting Fang , Xi Zhang

The rapid expansion of research on Large Language Model (LLM) safety and robustness has produced a fragmented and oftentimes buggy ecosystem of implementations, datasets, and evaluation methods. This fragmentation makes reproducibility and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Tim Beyer , Jonas Dornbusch , Jakob Steimle , Moritz Ladenburger , Leo Schwinn , Stephan Günnemann

While defenses against single-turn jailbreak attacks on Large Language Models (LLMs) have improved significantly, multi-turn jailbreaks remain a persistent vulnerability, often achieving success rates exceeding 70% against models optimized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Xiaoxue Yang , Jaeha Lee , Anna-Katharina Dick , Jasper Timm , Fei Xie , Diogo Cruz

Large language models are aligned to be safe, preventing users from generating harmful content like misinformation or instructions for illegal activities. However, previous work has shown that the alignment process is vulnerable to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Javier Rando , Francesco Croce , Kryštof Mitka , Stepan Shabalin , Maksym Andriushchenko , Nicolas Flammarion , Florian Tramèr

Large Language Models (LLMs) are becoming a prominent generative AI tool, where the user enters a query and the LLM generates an answer. To reduce harm and misuse, efforts have been made to align these LLMs to human values using advanced…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Xiaomeng Hu , Pin-Yu Chen , Tsung-Yi Ho

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) comprise of both visual and textual modalities to process vision language tasks. However, MLLMs are vulnerable to security-related issues, such as jailbreak attacks that alter the model's input to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Xingwei Zhong , Kar Wai Fok , Vrizlynn L. L. Thing

Large language model (LLM) safety is a critical issue, with numerous studies employing red team testing to enhance model security. Among these, jailbreak methods explore potential vulnerabilities by crafting malicious prompts that induce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Honglin Mu , Han He , Yuxin Zhou , Yunlong Feng , Yang Xu , Libo Qin , Xiaoming Shi , Zeming Liu , Xudong Han , Qi Shi , Qingfu Zhu , Wanxiang Che

Modern large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, have demonstrated impressive capabilities for coding tasks including writing and reasoning about code. They improve upon previous neural network models of code, such as code2seq or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Chi Zhang , Zifan Wang , Ravi Mangal , Matt Fredrikson , Limin Jia , Corina Pasareanu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are susceptible to adversarial attacks such as jailbreaking, which can elicit harmful or unsafe behaviors. This vulnerability is exacerbated in multilingual settings, where multilingual safety-aligned data is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Yahan Yang , Soham Dan , Shuo Li , Dan Roth , Insup Lee

Large language models (LLMs) have succeeded significantly in various applications but remain susceptible to adversarial jailbreaks that void their safety guardrails. Previous attempts to exploit these vulnerabilities often rely on high-cost…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Xuan Li , Zhanke Zhou , Jianing Zhu , Jiangchao Yao , Tongliang Liu , Bo Han

Extensive efforts have been made before the public release of Large language models (LLMs) to align their behaviors with human values. However, even meticulously aligned LLMs remain vulnerable to malicious manipulations such as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Zeguan Xiao , Yan Yang , Guanhua Chen , Yun Chen

Large language models (LLMs) generate human-aligned content under certain safety constraints. However, the current known technique ``jailbreak prompt'' can circumvent safety-aligned measures and induce LLMs to output malicious content.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Xi Wang , Songlei Jian , Shasha Li , Xiaopeng Li , Bin Ji , Jun Ma , Xiaodong Liu , Jing Wang , Feilong Bao , Jianfeng Zhang , Baosheng Wang , Jie Yu

Current jailbreaking work on large language models (LLMs) aims to elicit unsafe outputs from given prompts. However, it only focuses on single-turn jailbreaking targeting one specific query. On the contrary, the advanced LLMs are designed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Xianjun Yang , Liqiang Xiao , Shiyang Li , Faisal Ladhak , Hyokun Yun , Linda Ruth Petzold , Yi Xu , William Yang Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful re-rankers. Recent research has however showed that simple prompt injections embedded within a candidate document (i.e., jailbreak prompt attacks) can significantly alter an LLM's…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Yu Yin , Shuai Wang , Bevan Koopman , Guido Zuccon
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