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In this work, we initiate a formal study of probably approximately correct (PAC) learning under evasion attacks, where the adversary's goal is to \emph{misclassify} the adversarially perturbed sample point $\widetilde{x}$, i.e.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-14 Dimitrios I. Diochnos , Saeed Mahloujifar , Mohammad Mahmoody

We study the computational relationship between replicability (Impagliazzo et al. [STOC `22], Ghazi et al. [NeurIPS `21]) and other stability notions. Specifically, we focus on replicable PAC learning and its connections to differential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Moshe Noivirt , Jessica Sorrell , Eliad Tsfadia

In this paper we study the quantum learnability of constant-depth classical circuits under the uniform distribution and in the distribution-independent framework of PAC learning. In order to attain our results, we establish connections…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-20 Srinivasan Arunachalam , Alex B. Grilo , Aarthi Sundaram

We generalize the PAC (probably approximately correct) learning model to the quantum world by generalizing the concepts from classical functions to quantum processes, defining the problem of \emph{PAC learning quantum process}, and study…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-20 Kai-Min Chung , Han-Hsuan Lin

We study the generalization error of randomized learning algorithms -- focusing on stochastic gradient descent (SGD) -- using a novel combination of PAC-Bayes and algorithmic stability. Importantly, our generalization bounds hold for all…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Ben London

We consider a PAC-Bayes type learning rule for binary classification, balancing the training error of a randomized ''posterior'' predictor with its KL divergence to a pre-specified ''prior''. This can be seen as an extension of a modified…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-25 Xiaohan Zhu , Mesrob I. Ohannessian , Nathan Srebro

Valiant's 1984 paper is widely credited with introducing the PAC learning model, but it, in fact, introduced a different model: unlike PAC learning, the learner receives only positives, may issue membership queries, and must output a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-14 Steve Hanneke , Anay Mehrotra , Grigoris Velegkas , Manolis Zampetakis

We consider a new learning model in which a joint distribution over vector pairs $(x,y)$ is determined by an unknown function $c(x)$ that maps input vectors $x$ not to individual outputs, but to entire {\em distributions\/} over output…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-06-12 Michael Kearns , Zhiwei Steven Wu

We consider PAC learning of probability distributions (a.k.a. density estimation), where we are given an i.i.d. sample generated from an unknown target distribution, and want to output a distribution that is close to the target in total…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-05 Hassan Ashtiani , Shai Ben-David , Abbas Mehrabian

We investigate the problem of establishing finite-time probabilistic safety guarantees for discrete-time stochastic dynamical systems subject to unknown disturbance distributions, using barrier certificate methods. Our approach develops a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-03 Taoran Wu , Dominik Wagner , C. -H. Luke Ong , Bai Xue

The standard definition of PAC learning (Valiant 1984) requires learners to succeed under all distributions -- even ones that are intractable to sample from. This stands in contrast to samplable PAC learning (Blum, Furst, Kearns, and Lipton…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Guy Blanc , Caleb Koch , Jane Lange , Carmen Strassle , Li-Yang Tan

The ability of overparameterized deep networks to generalize well has been linked to the fact that stochastic gradient descent (SGD) finds solutions that lie in flat, wide minima in the training loss -- minima where the output of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-03 Vaishnavh Nagarajan , J. Zico Kolter

This paper presents an empirical study regarding training probabilistic neural networks using training objectives derived from PAC-Bayes bounds. In the context of probabilistic neural networks, the output of training is a probability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-23 María Pérez-Ortiz , Omar Rivasplata , John Shawe-Taylor , Csaba Szepesvári

We propose and analyze a new vantage point for the learning of mixtures of Gaussians: namely, the PAC-style model of learning probability distributions introduced by Kearns et al. Here the task is to construct a hypothesis mixture of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Jon Feldman , Ryan O'Donnell , Rocco A. Servedio

Data-driven algorithms can adapt their internal structure or parameters to inputs from unknown application-specific distributions, by learning from a training sample of inputs. Several recent works have applied this approach to problems in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-17 Peter Bartlett , Piotr Indyk , Tal Wagner

Much of learning theory is concerned with the design and analysis of probably approximately correct (PAC) learners. The closely related transductive model of learning has recently seen more scrutiny, with its learners often used as…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-10-31 Shaddin Dughmi , Yusuf Kalayci , Grayson York

We continue the study of the computational complexity of differentially private PAC learning and how it is situated within the foundations of machine learning. A recent line of work uncovered a qualitative equivalence between the private…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Mark Bun , Aloni Cohen , Rathin Desai

We investigate the Probably Approximately Correct (PAC) property of scenario decision algorithms, which refers to their ability to produce decisions with an arbitrarily low risk of violating unknown safety constraints, provided a sufficient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Guillaume O. Berger , Raphaël M. Jungers

We consider the problem of boosting the accuracy of weak learning algorithms in the agnostic learning framework of Haussler (1992) and Kearns et al. (1992). Known algorithms for this problem (Ben-David et al., 2001; Gavinsky, 2002; Kalai et…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-02-22 Vitaly Feldman

We make three related contributions motivated by the challenge of training stochastic neural networks, particularly in a PAC-Bayesian setting: (1) we show how averaging over an ensemble of stochastic neural networks enables a new class of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-16 Felix Biggs , Benjamin Guedj