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Template-based molecular generation offers a promising avenue for drug design by ensuring generated compounds are synthetically accessible through predefined reaction templates and building blocks. In this work, we tackle three core…

3D generative models have shown significant promise in structure-based drug design (SBDD), particularly in discovering ligands tailored to specific target binding sites. Existing algorithms often focus primarily on ligand-target binding,…

Generating novel graph structures that optimize given objectives while obeying some given underlying rules is fundamental for chemistry, biology and social science research. This is especially important in the task of molecular graph…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-26 Jiaxuan You , Bowen Liu , Rex Ying , Vijay Pande , Jure Leskovec

Recently, 3D generative models have shown promising performances in structure-based drug design by learning to generate ligands given target binding sites. However, only modeling the target-ligand distribution can hardly fulfill one of the…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-03-22 Xiangxin Zhou , Xiwei Cheng , Yuwei Yang , Yu Bao , Liang Wang , Quanquan Gu

Generative Flow Networks, or GFlowNets, offer a promising framework for molecular design, but their internal decision policies remain opaque. This limits adoption in drug discovery, where chemists require clear and interpretable rationales…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Amirtha Varshini A S , Duminda S. Ranasinghe , Hok Hei Tam

Generative Flow Networks (GFlowNets) have demonstrated significant performance improvements for generating diverse discrete objects $x$ given a reward function $R(x)$, indicating the utility of the object and trained independently from the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-03 Chanakya Ekbote , Moksh Jain , Payel Das , Yoshua Bengio

Structure-Based drug design (SBDD) has emerged as a popular approach in drug discovery, leveraging three-dimensional protein structures to generate drug ligands. However, existing generative models encounter several key challenges: (1)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Qingsong Zhong , Haomin Yu , Yan Lin , Wangmeng Shen , Long Zeng , Jilin Hu

Deep learning is emerging as an effective tool in drug discovery, with potential applications in both predictive and generative models. Generative Flow Networks (GFlowNets/GFNs) are a recently introduced method recognized for the ability to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Elaine Lau , Nikhil Vemgal , Doina Precup , Emmanuel Bengio

Molecular docking that predicts the bound structures of small molecules (ligands) to their protein targets, plays a vital role in drug discovery. However, existing docking methods often face limitations: they either overlook crucial…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2025-02-24 Zizhuo Zhang , Lijun Wu , Kaiyuan Gao , Jiangchao Yao , Tao Qin , Bo Han

Designing protein sequences with specific biological functions and structural stability is crucial in biology and chemistry. Generative models already demonstrated their capabilities for reliable protein design. However, previous models are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Lin Zongying , Li Hao , Lv Liuzhenghao , Lin Bin , Zhang Junwu , Chen Calvin Yu-Chian , Yuan Li , Tian Yonghong

Generative Flow Networks (GFlowNets; GFNs) are a class of generative models that learn to sample compositional objects proportionally to their a priori unknown value, their reward. We focus on the case where the reward has a specified,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Alexandre Larouche , Audrey Durand

Understanding protein structure-function relationships is a key challenge in computational biology, with applications across the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. While it is known that protein structure directly impacts protein…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2020-11-02 Nicolas Swenson , Aditi S. Krishnapriyan , Aydin Buluc , Dmitriy Morozov , Katherine Yelick

The prediction modeling of drug-target interactions is crucial to drug discovery and design, which has seen rapid advancements owing to deep learning technologies. Recently developed methods, such as those based on graph neural networks…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2025-11-19 Xinnan Zhang , Jialin Wu , Junyi Xie , Tianlong Chen , Kaixiong Zhou

Although Generative Flow Networks (GFlowNets) are designed to capture multiple modes of a reward function, they often suffer from mode collapse in practice, getting trapped in early-discovered modes and requiring prolonged training to find…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Idriss Malek , Aya Laajil , Abhijith Sharma , Eric Moulines , Salem Lahlou

Generating ligand molecules for specific protein targets, known as structure-based drug design, is a fundamental problem in therapeutics development and biological discovery. Recently, target-aware generative models, especially diffusion…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-10-29 Siyi Gu , Minkai Xu , Alexander Powers , Weili Nie , Tomas Geffner , Karsten Kreis , Jure Leskovec , Arash Vahdat , Stefano Ermon

Generative Flow Networks (GFlowNets) are amortized samplers that learn stochastic policies to sequentially generate compositional objects from a given unnormalized reward distribution. They can generate diverse sets of high-reward objects,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Ling Pan , Moksh Jain , Kanika Madan , Yoshua Bengio

Generative Flow Networks (GFlowNets) are powerful samplers for compositional objects that, by design, sample proportionally to a given non-negative reward. Nonetheless, in practice, they often struggle to explore the reward landscape…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Pedro Dall'Antonia , Tiago da Silva , Daniel Augusto de Souza , César Lincoln C. Mattos , Diego Mesquita

We present GFlowState, a visual analytics system designed to illuminate the training process of Generative Flow Networks (GFlowNets or GFNs). GFlowNets are a probabilistic framework for generating samples proportionally to a reward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Florian Holeczek , Andreas Hinterreiter , Alex Hernandez-Garcia , Marc Streit , Christina Humer

The challenge of discovering new molecules with desired properties is crucial in domains like drug discovery and material design. Recent advances in deep learning-based generative methods have shown promise but face the issue of sample…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-12-31 Hyeonah Kim , Minsu Kim , Sanghyeok Choi , Jinkyoo Park

To design a drug given a biological molecule by using deep learning methods, there are many successful models published recently. People commonly used generative models to design new molecules given certain protein. LiGAN was regarded as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Haotian Zhang , Linxiaoyi Wan