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The rapid development of quantum technology demands efficient characterization of complex quantum many-body states. However, full quantum state tomography requires an exponential number of measurements in system size, preventing its…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-04 Yadong Wu , Ce Wang , Juan Yao , Hui Zhai , Yi-Zhuang You , Pengfei Zhang

Quantum computers progress toward outperforming classical supercomputers, but quantum errors remain their primary obstacle. The key to overcoming errors on near-term devices has emerged through the field of quantum error mitigation,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-14 Haoran Liao , Derek S. Wang , Iskandar Sitdikov , Ciro Salcedo , Alireza Seif , Zlatko K. Minev

We develop a classical shadow tomography protocol utilizing the randomized measurement scheme based on hybrid quantum circuits, which consist of layers of two-qubit random unitary gates mixed with single-qubit random projective…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-26 Ahmed A. Akhtar , Hong-Ye Hu , Yi-Zhuang You

We provide a new approach to error mitigation for quantum chemistry simulation that uses a Bravyi-Kitaev Superfast encoding to implement a quantum error detecting code within the fermionic encoding. Our construction has low-weight parity…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-22 Tobias Hagge , Nathan Wiebe

Classical shadows (CS) have emerged as a powerful way to estimate many properties of quantum states based on random measurements and classical post-processing. In their original formulation, they come with optimal (or close to) sampling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-13 Frederic Sauvage , Martin Larocca

Quantum error mitigation is expected to play a crucial role in the practical applications of quantum machines for the foreseeable future. Thus it is important to put the numerous quantum error mitigation schemes proposed under a coherent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-19 Zhenyu Cai

Near-term quantum computers have been built as intermediate-scale quantum devices and are fragile against quantum noise effects, namely, NISQ devices. Traditional quantum-error-correcting codes are not implemented on such devices and to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-18 Yusuke Hama , Hirofumi Nishi

Reducing measurement errors in multi-qubit quantum devices is critical for performing any quantum algorithm. Here we show how to mitigate measurement errors by a classical post-processing of the measured outcomes. Our techniques apply to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-14 Sergey Bravyi , Sarah Sheldon , Abhinav Kandala , David C. Mckay , Jay M. Gambetta

Estimating quantum fermionic properties is a computationally difficult yet crucial task for the study of electronic systems. Recent developments have begun to address this challenge by introducing classical shadows protocols relying on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-09 Valentin Heyraud , Héloise Chomet , Jules Tilly

Classification is one of the main applications of supervised learning. Recent advancement in developing quantum computers has opened a new possibility for machine learning on such machines. Due to the noisy performance of near-term quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-02 Qingyu Li , Yuhan Huang , Xiaokai Hou , Ying Li , Xiaoting Wang , Abolfazl Bayat

Shadow tomography is a framework for constructing succinct descriptions of quantum states using randomized measurement bases, called classical shadows, with powerful methods to bound the estimators used. We recast existing experimental…

Extracting classical information from quantum systems is of fundamental importance, and classical shadows allow us to extract a large amount of information using relatively few measurements. Conventional shadow estimators are unbiased and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-03 Zhenyu Cai , Adrian Chapman , Hamza Jnane , Bálint Koczor

Simulating quantum many-body systems is crucial for advancing physics but poses substantial challenges for classical computers. Quantum simulations overcome these limitations, with analog simulators offering unique advantages over digital…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-30 Rui-Cheng Guo , Yanwu Gu , Dong E. Liu

Classical verification of quantum learning allows classical clients to reliably leverage quantum computing advantages by interacting with untrusted quantum servers. Yet, current quantum devices available in practice suffers from a variety…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-15 Yinghao Ma , Jiaxi Su , Dong-Ling Deng

The classical shadow estimation protocol is a noise-resilient and sample-efficient quantum algorithm for learning the properties of quantum systems. Its performance depends on the choice of a unitary ensemble, which must be chosen by a user…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-10 Kaifeng Bu , Dax Enshan Koh , Roy J. Garcia , Arthur Jaffe

Quantum algorithms exploiting real-time evolution under a target Hamiltonian have demonstrated remarkable efficiency in extracting key spectral information. However, the broader potential of these methods, particularly beyond ground state…

The method of classical shadows heralds unprecedented opportunities for quantum estimation with limited measurements [H.-Y. Huang, R. Kueng, and J. Preskill, Nat. Phys. 16, 1050 (2020)]. Yet its relationship to established quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-19 Joseph M. Lukens , Kody J. H. Law , Ryan S. Bennink

Quantum process tomography is a powerful tool for understanding quantum channels and characterizing properties of quantum devices. Inspired by recent advances using classical shadows in quantum state tomography [H.-Y. Huang, R. Kueng, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-12 Ryan Levy , Di Luo , Bryan K. Clark

Accurate estimation of observables in quantum systems is a central challenge in quantum information science, yet practical implementations are fundamentally constrained by the limited number of measurement shots. In this work we explore a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-05 Keijo Korhonen , Stefano Mangini , Joonas Malmi , Hetta Vappula , Daniel Cavalcanti

A crucial subroutine for various quantum computing and communication algorithms is to efficiently extract different classical properties of quantum states. In a notable recent theoretical work by Huang, Kueng, and Preskill [Nat. Phys. 16,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-19 Ting Zhang , Jinzhao Sun , Xiao-Xu Fang , Xiao-Ming Zhang , Xiao Yuan , He Lu