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Recent advancements have explored text-to-image diffusion models for synthesizing out-of-distribution (OOD) samples, substantially enhancing the performance of OOD detection. However, existing approaches typically rely on perturbing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Xin Gao , Jiyao Liu , Guanghao Li , Yueming Lyu , Jianxiong Gao , Weichen Yu , Ningsheng Xu , Liang Wang , Caifeng Shan , Ziwei Liu , Chenyang Si

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for the deployment of machine learning models in the open world. While existing OOD detectors are effective in identifying OOD samples that deviate significantly from in-distribution (ID) data,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Hao Fu , Prashanth Krishnamurthy , Siddharth Garg , Farshad Khorrami

Deep neural networks have achieved great success in classification tasks during the last years. However, one major problem to the path towards artificial intelligence is the inability of neural networks to accurately detect samples from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-16 Aristotelis-Angelos Papadopoulos , Mohammad Reza Rajati , Nazim Shaikh , Jiamian Wang

In the domain of machine learning, the assumption that training and test data share the same distribution is often violated in real-world scenarios, requiring effective out-of-distribution (OOD) detection. This paper presents a novel OOD…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Alessandro Canevaro , Julian Schmidt , Mohammad Sajad Marvi , Hang Yu , Georg Martius , Julian Jordan

Reliable out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a critical requirement for the safe deployment of machine learning systems. Despite recent progress, state-of-the-art OOD detectors are highly susceptible to adversarial attacks, which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Maria Stoica , Abdelrahman Hekal , Alessio Lomuscio

Deep learning models are increasingly deployed in safety-critical applications, where reliable out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential to ensure robustness. Existing methods predominantly rely on the penultimate-layer activations…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Shreen Gul , Mohamed Elmahallawy , Ardhendu Tripathy , Sanjay Madria

Deep Learning models possess two key traits that, in combination, make their use in the real world a risky prospect. One, they do not typically generalize well outside of the distribution for which they were trained, and two, they tend to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Jonathan S. Kent , Bo Li

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) data is crucial in real-world machine learning applications, particularly in safety-critical domains. Existing methods often leverage language information from vision-language models (VLMs) to enhance OOD…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Shu Zou , Xinyu Tian , Qinyu Zhao , Zhaoyuan Yang , Jing Zhang

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are proven effective in extracting complex node and structural information from graph data. While current GNNs perform well in node classification tasks within in-distribution (ID) settings, real-world scenarios…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Tao Yin , Chen Zhao , Xiaoyan Liu , Minglai Shao

Robustness in AI systems refers to their ability to maintain reliable and accurate performance under various conditions, including out-of-distribution (OOD) samples, adversarial attacks, and environmental changes. This is crucial in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Wissam Salhab , Darine Ameyed , Hamid Mcheick , Fehmi Jaafar

As point cloud data increases in prevalence in a variety of applications, the ability to detect out-of-distribution (OOD) point cloud objects becomes critical for ensuring model safety and reliability. However, this problem remains…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Adam Goodge , Xun Xu , Bryan Hooi , Wee Siong Ng , Jingyi Liao , Yongyi Su , Xulei Yang

Improving the accuracy of deep neural networks (DNNs) on out-of-distribution (OOD) data is critical to an acceptance of deep learning (DL) in real world applications. It has been observed that accuracies on in-distribution (ID) versus OOD…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Sara Fridovich-Keil , Brian R. Bartoldson , James Diffenderfer , Bhavya Kailkhura , Peer-Timo Bremer

The separation between training and deployment of machine learning models implies that not all scenarios encountered in deployment can be anticipated during training, and therefore relying solely on advancements in training has its limits.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Andrija Djurisic , Nebojsa Bozanic , Arjun Ashok , Rosanne Liu

Detecting Out-of-Distribution (OOD) inputs is crucial for improving the reliability of deep neural networks in the real-world deployment. In this paper, inspired by the inherent distribution shift between ID and OOD data, we propose a novel…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Ao Ke , Wenlong Chen , Chuanwen Feng , Yukun Cao , Xike Xie , S. Kevin Zhou , Lei Feng

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs is a principal task for ensuring the safety of deploying deep-neural-network classifiers in open-set scenarios. OOD samples can be drawn from arbitrary distributions and exhibit deviations from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Choubo Ding , Guansong Pang

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are often constructed under the closed-world assumption, which may fail to generalize to the out-of-distribution (OOD) data. This leads to DNNs producing overconfident wrong predictions and can result in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-31 Yang Chen , Chih-Li Sung , Arpan Kusari , Xiaoyang Song , Wenbo Sun

To facilitate reliable deployments of autonomous robots in the real world, Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection capabilities are often required. A powerful approach for OOD detection is based on density estimation with Normalizing Flows…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Jianxiang Feng , Jongseok Lee , Simon Geisler , Stephan Gunnemann , Rudolph Triebel

Image classification models deployed in the real world may receive inputs outside the intended data distribution. For critical applications such as clinical decision making, it is important that a model can detect such out-of-distribution…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-07 Christoph Berger , Magdalini Paschali , Ben Glocker , Konstantinos Kamnitsas

Supervised learning aims to train a classifier under the assumption that training and test data are from the same distribution. To ease the above assumption, researchers have studied a more realistic setting: out-of-distribution (OOD)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Zhen Fang , Yixuan Li , Feng Liu , Bo Han , Jie Lu

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection plays a vital role in enhancing the reliability of machine learning (ML) models. The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has catalyzed a paradigm shift within the ML community, showcasing their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Bo Liu , Liming Zhan , Zexin Lu , Yujie Feng , Lei Xue , Xiao-Ming Wu