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Individual Treatment Effects (ITE) estimation methods have risen in popularity in the last years. Most of the time, individual effects are better presented as Conditional Average Treatment Effects (CATE). Recently, representation balancing…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-03-30 Ayoub Abraich , Agathe Guilloux , Blaise Hanczar

Inferring the causal effect of a treatment on an outcome in an observational study requires adjusting for observed baseline confounders to avoid bias. However, adjusting for all observed baseline covariates, when only a subset are…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-02-04 Wen Wei Loh , Stijn Vansteelandt

We study the conditional expert Kaplan-Meier estimator, an extension of the classical Kaplan--Meier estimator designed for time-to-event data subject to both right-censoring and contamination. Such contamination, where observed events may…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-06 Martin Bladt , Kristian Vilhelm Dinesen

Many causal estimands are only partially identifiable since they depend on the unobservable joint distribution between potential outcomes. Stratification on pretreatment covariates can yield sharper bounds; however, unless the covariates…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-11-19 Wenlong Ji , Lihua Lei , Asher Spector

In some causal inference scenarios, the treatment variable is measured inaccurately, for instance in epidemiology or econometrics. Failure to correct for the effect of this measurement error can lead to biased causal effect estimates.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Antti Pöllänen , Pekka Marttinen

Linear transformation model provides a general framework for analyzing censored survival data with covariates. The proportional hazards and proportional odds models are special cases of the linear transformation model. In biomedical…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-05-11 Sudheesh K. K. , Deemat C. Mathew , Litty Mathew , Min Xie

Doubly robust estimators of causal effects are a popular means of estimating causal effects. Such estimators combine an estimate of the conditional mean of the outcome given treatment and confounders (the so-called outcome regression) with…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-01-17 David Benkeser , Weixin Cai , Mark J van der Laan

Valid estimation of treatment effects from observational data requires proper control of confounding. If the number of covariates is large relative to the number of observations, then controlling for all available covariates is infeasible.…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-01-11 Joseph Antonelli , Matthew Cefalu , Nathan Palmer , Denis Agniel

We study the problem of selecting covariates for unbiased estimation of the total causal effect.Existing approaches typically rely on global causal structure learning over all variables, or on strong assumptions such as causal sufficiency -…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-22 Zeyu Liu , Zheng Li , Feng Xie , Yan Zeng , Hao Zhang , Kun Zhang

Structural failure time models are causal models for estimating the effect of time-varying treatments on a survival outcome. G-estimation and artificial censoring have been proposed to estimate the model parameters in the presence of…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-02-19 Shu Yang , Karen Pieper , Frank Cools

Causal mediation analysis can improve understanding of the mechanisms underlying epidemiologic associations. However, the utility of natural direct and indirect effect estimation has been limited by the assumption of no confounder of the…

Applications · Statistics 2020-06-16 Kara E. Rudolph , Oleg Sofrygin , Wenjing Zheng , Mark J. van der Laan

Conservative inference is a major concern in simulation-based inference. It has been shown that commonly used algorithms can produce overconfident posterior approximations. Balancing has empirically proven to be an effective way to mitigate…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-04-24 Arnaud Delaunoy , Benjamin Kurt Miller , Patrick Forré , Christoph Weniger , Gilles Louppe

Forest-based methods have recently gained in popularity for non-parametric treatment effect estimation. Building on this line of work, we introduce causal survival forests, which can be used to estimate heterogeneous treatment effects in a…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-03-01 Yifan Cui , Michael R. Kosorok , Erik Sverdrup , Stefan Wager , Ruoqing Zhu

Causal inference with time-to-event outcomes is fundamental in various scientific studies. In a static setup with fitted propensity scores, weighted Kaplan-Meier estimation for survival probabilities and weighted Breslow-Peto estimation for…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-18 Wenfu Xu , Yi Zhang , Tobias Gerhard , Zhiqiang Tan

Estimating causal effects in a target population with unmeasured confounders is challenging, especially when instrumental variables (IVs) are unavailable. However, IVs from auxiliary populations with similar problems can help infer causal…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-06 Wei Li , Jiapeng Liu , Peng Ding , Zhi Geng

We introduce a nonparametric estimator of the conditional survival function in the mixture cure model for right censored data when cure status is partially known. The estimator is developed for the setting of a single continuous covariate…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-02-13 Wende C. Safari , Ignacio López-de-Ullibarri , M. Amalia Jácome

Matching on covariates is a well-established framework for estimating causal effects in observational studies. The principal challenge stems from the often high-dimensional structure of the problem. Many methods have been introduced to…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-07-12 Florian Gunsilius , Yuliang Xu

Confounding bias, missing data, and selection bias are three common obstacles to valid causal inference in the data sciences. Covariate adjustment is the most pervasive technique for recovering casual effects from confounding bias. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-17 Mojdeh Saadati , Jin Tian

Time-to-event endpoints are frequently used as outcomes in oncology and other disease areas where the outcome of interest may not be observed within a predetermined period. Although many analytical methods address the challenges of…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-14 Chen-Yen Lin , Susan Halabi , Taehwa Choi

The restricted mean survival time (RMST) difference offers an interpretable causal contrast to estimate the treatment effect for time-to-event outcomes, yet a wide range of available estimators leaves limited guidance for practice. We…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-02 Charlotte Voinot , Clément Berenfeld , Imke Mayer , Bernard Sebastien , Julie Josse