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Non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) complement their terrestrial counterparts in enabling ubiquitous connectivity globally by serving unserved and/or underserved areas of the world. While supporting enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) data over…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-05-15 Gautham Prasad , Vishnu Rajendra Chandrika , Lutz Lampe , Gus Vos

Non-terrestrial networks (NTNs), which integrate space and aerial networks with terrestrial systems, are a key area in the emerging sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks. As part of 6G, NTNs must provide pervasive connectivity to a wide…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-01-24 Sheikh Salman Hassan , Do Hyeon Kim , Yan Kyaw Tun , Nguyen H. Tran , Walid Saad , Choong Seon Hong

The International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT)-2030 framework recently adopted by the International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) envisions 6G networks to deliver intelligent, seamless connectivity that…

5G cellular networks are now a reality and promise to improve key performance indicators (KPIs), such as Gbps data rates and latencies in the order of milliseconds. While some of these KPIs are achievable in urban scenarios, rural areas…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-05 Alejandro Ramírez-Arroyo , Melisa López , Ignacio Rodríguez , Sebastian Bro Damsgaard , Preben Mogensen

Non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) will complement terrestrial networks (TNs) in 5G and beyond, which can be attributed to recent deployment and standardization activities. Maximizing the efficiency of NTN communications is critical to unlock…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Mikko Majamaa

The coexistence of terrestrial networks (TN) and non-terrestrial networks (NTN) in the frequency range 3 (FR3) upper mid-band presents considerable interference concerns, as dense TN deployments can severely degrade NTN downlink…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Pradyumna Kumar Bishoyi , Chia Chia Lee , Navid Keshtiarast , Marina Petrova

Terrestrial networks form the fundamental infrastructure of modern communication systems, serving more than 4 billion users globally. However, terrestrial networks are facing a wide range of challenges, from coverage and reliability to…

Scalability is a major challenge in non-geostationary orbit (NGSO) satellite networks due to the massive number of ground users sharing the limited sub-6 GHz spectrum. Using K- and higher bands is a promising alternative to increase the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Israel Leyva-Mayorga , Shashi Raj Pandey , Petar Popovski , Fabio Saggese , Beatriz Soret , Cedomir Stefanovic

While the 5th generation (5G) of mobile networks has landed in the commercial area, the research community is exploring new functionalities for 6th generation (6G) networks, for example non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) via space/air nodes…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Mattia Sandri , Matteo Pagin , Marco Giordani , Michele Zorzi

Many organizations recognize non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) as a key component to provide cost-effective and high-capacity connectivity in future 6th generation (6G) wireless networks. Despite this premise, there are still many questions…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-04-27 Marco Giordani , Michele Zorzi

Non-terrestrial network (NTN)-based integrated communication and computation empowers various emerging applications with global coverage. Yet this vision is severely challenged by the energy issue given the limited energy supply of NTN…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-03 Xiao Tang , Yudan Jiang , Ruonan Zhang , Qinghe Du , Jinxin Liu , Naijin Liu

As 5th generation (5G) networks continue to evolve, there is a growing interest toward the integration of Terrestrial Networks (TNs) and Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs). Specifically, NTNs leverage space/air base stations such as…

6th generation (6G) communication research is currently focusing on non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) to promote ubiquitous and ultra-high-capacity global connectivity. Specifically, multi-layered hierarchical networks, i.e., the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Dengke Wang , Marco Giordani , Mohamed-Slim Alouini , Michele Zorzi

Non-terrestrial networks (NTN), particularly low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks, have emerged as a promising solution to overcome the limitations of traditional terrestrial networks in the context of next-generation (6G) wireless…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-09 Yanwu Lu , Howard Yang , Nikolaos Pappas , Giovanni Geraci , Chuan Ma , Tony Q. S. Quek

The co-existence of terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) is essential for achieving global coverage in sixth-generation cellular networks. Due to increasing spectrum demand, there is discussion in the world level to share some…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-06 Lingrui Zhang , Zheng Li , Sheng Yang

The integration of Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) with Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations into 5G and Beyond is essential to achieve truly global connectivity. A distinctive characteristic of LEO mega constellations is that…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Israel Leyva-Mayorga , Fabio Saggese , Lintao Li , Petar Popovski

Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) are emerging as critical enablers of global connectivity, particularly in remote, unserved, underserved, or maritime regions lacking traditional infrastructure. While much of the existing work on NTN focuses…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Md Mahfuzur Rahman , Nishith Tripathi , Jeffrey H. Reed , Lingjia Liu

The upper mid-band FR3 spectrum (7-24 GHz) has garnered significant interest for future cellular services. However, utilizing a large portion of this band requires careful interference coordination with incumbent satellite systems. This…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-13 Shizhen Jia , Mingjun Ying , Marco Mezzavilla , Doru Calin , Theodore S. Rappaport , Sundeep Rangan

The emerging Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) can aid to provide 5G and beyond services everywhere and anytime. However, the vast emergence of NTN systems will introduce an unseen interference to both the existing satellite systems and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Henrik Martikainen , Mikko Majamaa , Jani Puttonen

In order to bolster the next generation of wireless networks, there has been a great deal of interest in non-terrestrial networks (NTN), including satellites, high altitude platform stations (HAPS), and uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAV). To…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-25 Faical Khennoufa , Khelil Abdellatif , Halim Yanikomeroglu , Metin Ozturk , Taissir Elganimi , Ferdi Kara , Khaled Rabie