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Whole slide images (WSIs) classification represents a fundamental challenge in computational pathology, where multiple instance learning (MIL) has emerged as the dominant paradigm. Current state-of-the-art (SOTA) MIL methods rely on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Chengying She , Chengwei Chen , Dongjie Fan , Lizhuang Liu , Chengwei Shao , Yun Bian , Ben Wang , Xinran Zhang

Annotating cancerous regions in whole-slide images (WSIs) of pathology samples plays a critical role in clinical diagnosis, biomedical research, and machine learning algorithms development. However, generating exhaustive and accurate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-09 Zhenzhen Wang , Carla Saoud , Sintawat Wangsiricharoen , Aaron W. James , Aleksander S. Popel , Jeremias Sulam

This paper introduces MAD-MIL, a Multi-head Attention-based Deep Multiple Instance Learning model, designed for weakly supervised Whole Slide Images (WSIs) classification in digital pathology. Inspired by the multi-head attention mechanism…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Hassan Keshvarikhojasteh , Josien Pluim , Mitko Veta

Machine learning models have become integral to many fields, but their reliability, defined as producing dependable, trustworthy, and domain-consistent predictions, remains a critical concern. Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Hassan Keshvarikhojasteh , Marc Aubreville , Christof A. Bertram , Josien P. W. Pluim , Mitko Veta

Though multiple instance learning (MIL) has been a foundational strategy in computational pathology for processing whole slide images (WSIs), current approaches are designed for traditional hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) slides rather than…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-15 Marc Harary , Eliezer M. Van Allen , William Lotter

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has emerged as a powerful framework for weakly supervised whole slide image (WSI) classification, enabling slide-level predictions without requiring detailed patch-level annotations. Despite its success, a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Bryan Wong , Mun Yong Yi

Representation learning of pathology whole-slide images (WSIs) has primarily relied on weak supervision with Multiple Instance Learning (MIL). This approach leads to slide representations highly tailored to a specific clinical task.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Tim Lenz , Peter Neidlinger , Marta Ligero , Georg Wölflein , Marko van Treeck , Jakob Nikolas Kather

Whole-slide images (WSIs) are an important data modality in computational pathology, yet their gigapixel resolution and lack of fine-grained annotations challenge conventional deep learning models. Multiple instance learning (MIL) offers a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Qian Zeng , Yihui Wang , Shu Yang , Yingxue Xu , Fengtao Zhou , Jiabo Ma , Dejia Cai , Zhengyu Zhang , Lijuan Qu , Yu Wang , Li Liang , Hao Chen

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has been widely used for representing whole-slide pathology images. However, spatial, semantic, and decision entanglements among instances limit its representation and interpretability. To address these…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Chentao Li , Behzad Bozorgtabar , Yifang Ping , Pan Huang , Jing Qin

Whole Slide Images (WSIs) or histopathology images are used in digital pathology. WSIs pose great challenges to deep learning models for clinical diagnosis, owing to their size and lack of pixel-level annotations. With the recent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Soham Rohit Chitnis , Sidong Liu , Tirtharaj Dash , Tanmay Tulsidas Verlekar , Antonio Di Ieva , Shlomo Berkovsky , Lovekesh Vig , Ashwin Srinivasan

Whole-slide MIL models are often called context-aware once graphs, Transform ers, or state-space modules are placed above patch embeddings. We show that this label can be deceptive. On pathology tasks where tissue architecture is part of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Xiangyu Li , Ran Su

Deep learning methods are widely used for medical applications to assist medical doctors in their daily routines. While performances reach expert's level, interpretability (highlight how and what a trained model learned and why it makes a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-30 Antoine Pirovano , Hippolyte Heuberger , Sylvain Berlemont , Saïd Ladjal , Isabelle Bloch

Histopathological image analysis is an essential process for the discovery of diseases such as cancer. However, it is challenging to train CNN on whole slide images (WSIs) of gigapixel resolution considering the available memory capacity.…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-10-11 Shusuke Takahama , Yusuke Kurose , Yusuke Mukuta , Hiroyuki Abe , Masashi Fukayama , Akihiko Yoshizawa , Masanobu Kitagawa , Tatsuya Harada

Whole slide images (WSIs) pose unique challenges when training deep learning models. They are very large which makes it necessary to break each image down into smaller patches for analysis, image features have to be extracted at multiple…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-12-02 Ozan Ciga , Tony Xu , Sharon Nofech-Mozes , Shawna Noy , Fang-I Lu , Anne L. Martel

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has been widely applied in histopathology to classify Whole Slide Images (WSIs) with slide-level diagnoses. While the ground truth is established by expert pathologists, the slides can be difficult to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Marie Arrivat , Rémy Peyret , Elsa Angelini , Pietro Gori

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has advanced WSI analysis but struggles with the complexity and heterogeneity of WSIs. Existing MIL methods face challenges in aggregating diverse patch information into robust WSI representations. While…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Beidi Zhao , SangMook Kim , Hao Chen , Chen Zhou , Zu-hua Gao , Gang Wang , Xiaoxiao Li

Whole-slide images (WSIs) from cancer patients contain rich information that can be used for medical diagnosis or to follow treatment progress. To automate their analysis, numerous deep learning methods based on convolutional neural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Lucas Sancéré , Noémie Moreau , Katarzyna Bozek

Computational methods on analyzing Whole Slide Images (WSIs) enable early diagnosis and treatments by supporting pathologists in detection and classification of tumors. However, the extremely high resolution of WSIs makes end-to-end…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Umar Marikkar , Muhammad Awais , Sara Atito

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is a robust paradigm for whole-slide pathological image (WSI) analysis, processing gigapixel-resolution images with slide-level labels. As pioneering efforts, attention-based MIL (ABMIL) and its variants are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Linghan Cai , Shenjin Huang , Ye Zhang , Jinpeng Lu , Yongbing Zhang

Presenting whole slide images (WSIs) as graph will enable a more efficient and accurate learning framework for cancer diagnosis. Due to the fact that a single WSI consists of billions of pixels and there is a lack of vast annotated datasets…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-09 Milan Aryal , Nasim Yahyasoltani