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Large Language Models (LLMs) represent an advanced evolution of earlier, simpler language models. They boast enhanced abilities to handle complex language patterns and generate coherent text, images, audios, and videos. Furthermore, they…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Jun Huang , Jiawei Zhang , Qi Wang , Weihong Han , Yanchun Zhang

The lifecycle of large language models (LLMs) is far more complex than that of traditional machine learning models, involving multiple training stages, diverse data sources, and varied inference methods. While prior research on data…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Pengfei He , Yue Xing , Han Xu , Zhen Xiang , Jiliang Tang

In sensitive domains such as medical and legal, protecting sensitive information is critical, with protective laws strictly prohibiting the disclosure of personal data. This poses challenges for sharing valuable data such as medical reports…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Anthony Hughes , Ning Ma , Nikolaos Aletras

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in interactive and retrieval-augmented settings, raising significant privacy concerns. While attacks such as Membership Inference (MIA), Attribute Inference (AIA), Data Extraction…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Karima Makhlouf , Lamiaa Basyoni , Syed Khaderi , Gabriel Marquez , Peter Sotomango , Mahmoud Awawdah , Sami Zhioua

The proliferation of large language models (LLMs) has sparked widespread and general interest due to their strong language generation capabilities, offering great potential for both industry and research. While previous research delved into…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Lukas Struppek , Minh Hieu Le , Dominik Hintersdorf , Kristian Kersting

With the rapid progress of large language models (LLMs), many downstream NLP tasks can be well solved given appropriate prompts. Though model developers and researchers work hard on dialog safety to avoid generating harmful content from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Haoran Li , Dadi Guo , Wei Fan , Mingshi Xu , Jie Huang , Fanpu Meng , Yangqiu Song

With the continuous development of large language models (LLMs), transformer-based models have made groundbreaking advances in numerous natural language processing (NLP) tasks, leading to the emergence of a series of agents that use LLMs as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Yuyou Gan , Yong Yang , Zhe Ma , Ping He , Rui Zeng , Yiming Wang , Qingming Li , Chunyi Zhou , Songze Li , Ting Wang , Yunjun Gao , Yingcai Wu , Shouling Ji

Natural language reflects our private lives and identities, making its privacy concerns as broad as those of real life. Language models lack the ability to understand the context and sensitivity of text, and tend to memorize phrases present…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-15 Hannah Brown , Katherine Lee , Fatemehsadat Mireshghallah , Reza Shokri , Florian Tramèr

Large language models for code (LLMs4Code) rely heavily on massive training data, including sensitive data, such as cloud service credentials of the projects and personal identifiable information of the developers, raising serious privacy…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Md Nazmul Haque , Hua Yang , Zhou Yang , Bowen Xu

The emergence of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) and the widespread usage of MLLM cloud services such as GPT-4V raised great concerns about privacy leakage in visual data. As these models are typically deployed in cloud services,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Xiaofei Hui , Qian Wu , Haoxuan Qu , Majid Mirmehdi , Hossein Rahmani , Jun Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used in sensitive domains, including healthcare, finance, and legal services, raising concerns about potential private information leaks during inference. Privacy extraction attacks, such as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Jinwen He , Yiyang Lu , Zijin Lin , Kai Chen , Yue Zhao

Recently, the powerful large language models (LLMs) have been instrumental in propelling the progress of recommender systems (RS). However, while these systems have flourished, their susceptibility to security threats has been largely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Jinghao Zhang , Yuting Liu , Qiang Liu , Shu Wu , Guibing Guo , Liang Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are prone to memorizing training data, which poses serious privacy risks. Two of the most prominent concerns are training data extraction and Membership Inference Attacks (MIAs). Prior research has shown that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Ali Al Sahili , Ali Chehab , Razane Tajeddine

Scaling laws have emerged as important components of large language model (LLM) training as they can predict performance gains through scale, and provide guidance on important hyper-parameter choices that would otherwise be expensive. LLMs…

Spurred by the recent rapid increase in the development and distribution of large language models (LLMs) across industry and academia, much recent work has drawn attention to safety- and security-related threats and vulnerabilities of LLMs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-25 Maximilian Mozes , Xuanli He , Bennett Kleinberg , Lewis D. Griffin

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive results in natural language processing but are prone to memorizing portions of their training data, which can compromise evaluation metrics, raise privacy concerns, and limit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Eduardo Slonski

Does GPT know you? The answer depends on your level of public recognition; however, if your information was available on a website, the answer could be yes. Most Large Language Models (LLMs) memorize training data to some extent. Thus, even…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Henrik Nolte , Michèle Finck , Kristof Meding

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has transformed knowledge-intensive has led to its widespread usage by knowledge workers to enhance their productivity. As these professionals handle sensitive information, and the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Siying Hu , Piaohong Wang , Ka I Chan , Yaxing Yao , Zhicong Lu

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) has become an essential strategy for adapting them to specialized tasks; however, this process introduces significant privacy challenges, as sensitive training data may be inadvertently memorized and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Hao Du , Shang Liu , Yang Cao

As language models (LMs) are widely utilized in personalized communication scenarios (e.g., sending emails, writing social media posts) and endowed with a certain level of agency, ensuring they act in accordance with the contextual privacy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Yijia Shao , Tianshi Li , Weiyan Shi , Yanchen Liu , Diyi Yang