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What structural inductive bias helps transformers reason over knowledge graphs? Through controlled ablations of a minimal transformer modification with four independently removable components (sparse adjacency masking, edge-type biases,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jonas Petersen , Camilla Mazzoleni , Gian-Alessandro Lombardi , Federico Martelli , Riccardo Maggioni

Randomly initialized neural networks induce a prior over functions, but the predictor used in practice is produced only after training. We ask how much of this initial bias survives the training pipeline. To make the question measurable, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Mohua Das , Pierfrancesco Beneventano , Shibshankar Dey , Gareth H. McKinkey , Tomaso Poggio

Recent experimental studies indicate that synaptic changes induced by neuronal activity are discrete jumps between a small number of stable states. Learning in systems with discrete synapses is known to be a computationally hard problem.…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2009-11-13 Carlo Baldassi , Alfredo Braunstein , Nicolas Brunel , Riccardo Zecchina

As a foundational architecture of artificial intelligence models, Transformer has been recently adapted to spiking neural networks with promising performance across various tasks. However, existing spiking Transformer(ST)-based models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Hongze Sun , Wuque Cai , Duo Chen , Quan Tang , Shifeng Mao , Jiayi He , Zhenxing Wang , Yan Cui , Dezhong Yao , Daqing Guo

Simulation-based inference (SBI) offers a flexible and general approach to performing Bayesian inference: In SBI, a neural network is trained on synthetic data simulated from a model and used to rapidly infer posterior distributions for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Julius Vetter , Manuel Gloeckler , Daniel Gedon , Jakob H. Macke

Sequential recommendation (SR) models based on Transformers have achieved remarkable successes. The self-attention mechanism of Transformers for computer vision and natural language processing suffers from the oversmoothing problem, i.e.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Yehjin Shin , Jeongwhan Choi , Hyowon Wi , Noseong Park

Voltage prediction in distribution grids is a critical yet difficult task for maintaining power system stability. Machine learning approaches, particularly Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), offer significant speedups but suffer from poor…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Ehimare Okoyomon , Arbel Yaniv , Christoph Goebel

Deep learning sequence models have been successfully applied to the task of morphological inflection. The results of the SIGMORPHON shared tasks in the past several years indicate that such models can perform well, but only if the training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-15 Ling Liu , Mans Hulden

Large language models have demonstrated capabilities in text generation, while their increasing parameter scales present challenges in computational and memory efficiency. Post-training sparsity (PTS), which reduces model cost by removing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Minhao Jiang , Zhikai Li , Xuewen Liu , Jing Zhang , Mengjuan Chen , Qingyi Gu

Simultaneous translation (ST) starts translations synchronously while reading source sentences, and is used in many online scenarios. The previous wait-k policy is concise and achieved good results in ST. However, wait-k policy faces two…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-24 Shaolei Zhang , Yang Feng , Liangyou Li

Amos et al. (2024) showed that the accuracy of Transformer models in sequence classification can be significantly improved by first pretraining with a masked token prediction objective without external data or augmentation, a procedure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Omar Coser , Loredana Zollo , Paolo Soda , Antonio Orvieto

Modeling transformations between arbitrary data distributions is a fundamental scientific challenge, arising in applications like drug discovery and evolutionary simulation. While flow matching offers a natural framework for this task, its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Shiye Su , Yuhui Zhang , Linqi Zhou , Rajesh Ranganath , Serena Yeung-Levy

Language models are increasingly capable, yet still fail at a seemingly simple task of multi-digit multiplication. In this work, we study why, by reverse-engineering a model that successfully learns multiplication via \emph{implicit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Xiaoyan Bai , Itamar Pres , Yuntian Deng , Chenhao Tan , Stuart Shieber , Fernanda Viégas , Martin Wattenberg , Andrew Lee

Transformer language models are neural networks used for a wide variety of tasks concerning natural language, including some that also require logical reasoning. However, a transformer model may easily learn spurious patterns in the data,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Daniel Enström , Viktor Kjellberg , Moa Johansson

Standard Transformers excel at semantic modeling but struggle with rigid sequential logic and state tracking. Theoretical work establishes that self-attention is limited to $\AC^0$ (under hard attention) or $\TC^0$ (under soft attention),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Mehryar Mohri

Representation learning is a fundamental but challenging problem, especially when the distribution of data is unknown. We propose a new representation learning method, termed Structure Transfer Machine (STM), which enables feature learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-06 Baochang Zhang , Lian Zhuo , Ze Wang , Jungong Han , Xiantong Zhen

The information bottleneck framework provides a systematic approach to learning representations that compress nuisance information in the input and extract semantically meaningful information about predictions. However, the choice of a…

Understanding which inductive biases could be helpful for the unsupervised learning of object-centric representations of natural scenes is challenging. In this paper, we systematically investigate the performance of two models on datasets…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Samuele Papa , Ole Winther , Andrea Dittadi

The quadratic computational cost of the self-attention mechanism is a primary challenge in scaling Transformer models. While attention sparsity is widely studied as a technique to improve computational efficiency, it is almost universally…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Sagar Gandhi , Vishal Gandhi

Many recent generative models make use of neural networks to transform the probability distribution of a simple low-dimensional noise process into the complex distribution of the data. This raises the question of whether biological networks…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-02-07 Hesham Mostafa , Gert Cauwenberghs