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Handling implicit language is essential for natural language processing systems to achieve precise text understanding and facilitate natural interactions with users. Despite its importance, the absence of a metric for accurately measuring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Yuxin Wang , Xiaomeng Zhu , Weimin Lyu , Saeed Hassanpour , Soroush Vosoughi

Objective evaluation of synthesized speech is critical for advancing speech generation systems, yet existing metrics for intelligibility and prosody remain limited in scope and weakly correlated with human perception. Word Error Rate (WER)…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-21 Ismail Rasim Ulgen , Zongyang Du , Junchen Lu , Philipp Koehn , Berrak Sisman

Developing text-driven symbolic music generation models remains challenging due to the scarcity of aligned text-music datasets and the unreliability of automated captioning pipelines. While most efforts have focused on MIDI, sheet music…

Natural language conveys information at varying levels of granularity, from fine-grained references to broad descriptions. While granularity is fundamental to human communication, existing measures mostly capture surface detail or sentence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Lukas Ellinger , Alexander Fichtl , Miriam Anschütz , Georg Groh

This work presents a new task of Text Expansion (TE), which aims to insert fine-grained modifiers into proper locations of the plain text to concretize or vivify human writings. Different from existing insertion-based writing assistance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Yi Chen , Haiyun Jiang , Wei Bi , Rui Wang , Longyue Wang , Shuming Shi , Ruifeng Xu

Evaluating factual correctness of LLM generated natural language explanations grounded in time series data remains an open challenge. Although modern models generate textual interpretations of numerical signals, existing evaluation methods…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Preetham Sivalingam , Murari Mandal , Saurabh Deshpande , Dhruv Kumar

Rubric-based text evaluation increasingly uses large language models (LLMs) as scalable judges, but aligning frozen black-box models with human scoring standards remains challenging. We formulate this challenge as a criteria-transfer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yihan Hong , Huaiyuan Yao , Bolin Shen , Wanpeng Xu , Hua Wei , Yushun Dong

A number of automatic evaluation metrics have been proposed for natural language generation systems. The most common approach to automatic evaluation is the use of a reference-based metric that compares the model's output with gold-standard…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Takumi Ito , Kees van Deemter , Jun Suzuki

In recent years, automated radiology report generation has experienced significant growth. This paper introduces MRScore, an automatic evaluation metric tailored for radiology report generation by leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs).…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Yunyi Liu , Zhanyu Wang , Yingshu Li , Xinyu Liang , Lingqiao Liu , Lei Wang , Luping Zhou

Existing metrics for assessing question generation not only require costly human reference but also fail to take into account the input context of generation, rendering the lack of deep understanding of the relevance between the generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-02 Xiaoqiang Wang , Bang Liu , Siliang Tang , Lingfei Wu

Automatic methods and metrics that assess various quality criteria of automatically generated texts are important for developing NLG systems because they produce repeatable results and allow for a fast development cycle. We present here an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-25 Erion Çano , Ondřej Bojar

BERTScore is an effective and robust automatic metric for referencebased machine translation evaluation. In this paper, we incorporate multilingual knowledge graph into BERTScore and propose a metric named KG-BERTScore, which linearly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Zhanglin Wu , Min Zhang , Ming Zhu , Yinglu Li , Ting Zhu , Hao Yang , Song Peng , Ying Qin

In order to deeply understand the capability of pretrained language models in text generation and conduct a diagnostic evaluation, we propose TGEA, an error-annotated dataset with multiple benchmark tasks for text generation from pretrained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Jie He , Bo Peng , Yi Liao , Qun Liu , Deyi Xiong

Automated radiology report generation (R2Gen) has advanced significantly, introducing challenges in accurate evaluation due to its complexity. Traditional metrics often fall short by relying on rigid word-matching or focusing only on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Yunyi Liu , Yingshu Li , Zhanyu Wang , Xinyu Liang , Lingqiao Liu , Lei Wang , Luping Zhou

Selecting an appropriate pre-trained source model is a critical, yet computationally expensive, task in transfer learning. Model Transferability Estimation (MTE) methods address this by providing efficient proxy metrics to rank models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Yuhang Liu , Wenjie Zhao , Yunhui Guo

While often assumed a gold standard, effective human evaluation of text generation remains an important, open area for research. We revisit this problem with a focus on producing consistent evaluations that are reproducible -- over time and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Daniel Khashabi , Gabriel Stanovsky , Jonathan Bragg , Nicholas Lourie , Jungo Kasai , Yejin Choi , Noah A. Smith , Daniel S. Weld

Unlike classical lexical overlap metrics such as BLEU, most current evaluation metrics (such as BERTScore or MoverScore) are based on black-box language models such as BERT or XLM-R. They often achieve strong correlations with human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Christoph Leiter , Piyawat Lertvittayakumjorn , Marina Fomicheva , Wei Zhao , Yang Gao , Steffen Eger

In this paper we revisit automatic metrics for paraphrase evaluation and obtain two findings that disobey conventional wisdom: (1) Reference-free metrics achieve better performance than their reference-based counterparts. (2) Most commonly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Lingfeng Shen , Lemao Liu , Haiyun Jiang , Shuming Shi

Generative models have demonstrated remarkable capability in synthesizing high-quality text, images, and videos. For video generation, contemporary text-to-video models exhibit impressive capabilities, crafting visually stunning videos.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Jay Zhangjie Wu , Guian Fang , Haoning Wu , Xintao Wang , Yixiao Ge , Xiaodong Cun , David Junhao Zhang , Jia-Wei Liu , Yuchao Gu , Rui Zhao , Weisi Lin , Wynne Hsu , Ying Shan , Mike Zheng Shou

Multi-modal generative document parsing systems challenge traditional evaluation: unlike deterministic OCR or layout models, they often produce semantically correct yet structurally divergent outputs. Conventional metrics-CER, WER, IoU, or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Renyu Li , Antonio Jimeno Yepes , Yao You , Kamil Pluciński , Maximilian Operlejn , Crag Wolfe