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Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are biologically inspired machine learning models that build on dynamic neuronal models processing binary and sparse spiking signals in an event-driven, online, fashion. SNNs can be implemented on neuromorphic…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-12-10 Hyeryung Jang , Nicolas Skatchkovsky , Osvaldo Simeone

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) offer inherent energy efficiency due to their event-driven computation model, making them promising for edge AI deployment. However, their practical adoption is limited by the computational overhead of deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Parth Patne , Mahdi Taheri , Ali Mahani , Maksim Jenihhin , Reza Mahani , Christian Herglotz

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are gaining popularity in the computational simulation and artificial intelligence fields owing to their biological plausibility and computational efficiency. This paper explores the historical development of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-08-29 Tianyu Zheng , Liyuan Han , Tielin Zhang

Spiking neural networks excel at event-driven sensing. Yet, maintaining task-relevant context over long timescales both algorithmically and in hardware, while respecting both tight energy and memory budgets, remains a core challenge in the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Pengfei Sun , Zhe Su , Jascha Achterberg , Giacomo Indiveri , Dan F. M. Goodman , Danyal Akarca

Neuromorphic computing is an emerging computing paradigm that moves away from batched processing towards the online, event-driven, processing of streaming data. Neuromorphic chips, when coupled with spike-based sensors, can inherently adapt…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-01-10 Jiechen Chen , Nicolas Skatchkovsky , Osvaldo Simeone

Spiking neural networks (SNN) are artificial computational models that have been inspired by the brain's ability to naturally encode and process information in the time domain. The added temporal dimension is believed to render them more…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2019-05-29 S. R. Nandakumar , Irem Boybat , Manuel Le Gallo , Evangelos Eleftheriou , Abu Sebastian , Bipin Rajendran

Neurons communicate with downstream systems via sparse and incredibly brief electrical pulses, or spikes. Using these events, they control various targets such as neuromuscular units, neurosecretory systems, and other neurons in connected…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-03-17 Paolo Agliati , André Urbano , Pablo Lanillos , Nasir Ahmad , Marcel van Gerven , Sander Keemink

Neuromorphic hardware aims to leverage distributed computing and event-driven circuit design to achieve an energy-efficient AI system. The name "neuromorphic" is derived from its spiking and local computing nature, which mimics the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Zhenhui Chen , Haoran Xu , Yangfan Hu , Xiaofei Jin , Xinyu Li , Ziyang Kang , Gang Pan , De Ma

As deep learning models scale, they become increasingly competitive from domains spanning from computer vision to natural language processing; however, this happens at the expense of efficiency since they require increasingly more memory…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Fabrizio Ottati , Chang Gao , Qinyu Chen , Giovanni Brignone , Mario R. Casu , Jason K. Eshraghian , Luciano Lavagno

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) compute in an event-based matter to achieve a more efficient computation than standard Neural Networks. In SNNs, neuronal outputs (i.e. activations) are not encoded with real-valued activations but with…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Jan Sommer , M. Akif Özkan , Oliver Keszocze , Jürgen Teich

Neuromorphic computing implementing spiking neural networks (SNN) is a promising technology for reducing the footprint of optical transceivers, as required by the fast-paced growth of data center traffic. In this work, an SNN nonlinear…

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are the third generation of neural networks that are biologically inspired to process data in a fashion that emulates the exchange of signals in the brain. Within the Computer Vision community SNNs have…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-04 William Bjorndahl , Jack Easton , Austin Modoff , Eric C. Larson , Joseph Camp , Prasanna Rangarajan

Edge computing solutions that enable the extraction of high-level information from a variety of sensors is in increasingly high demand. This is due to the increasing number of smart devices that require sensory processing for their…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Ole Richter , Yannan Xing , Michele De Marchi , Carsten Nielsen , Merkourios Katsimpris , Roberto Cattaneo , Yudi Ren , Yalun Hu , Qian Liu , Sadique Sheik , Tugba Demirci , Ning Qiao

This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of Spiking Neural Network (SNN) neuron models for hardware acceleration by comparing event driven and clock-driven implementations. We begin our investigation in software, rapidly prototyping…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Filippo Marostica , Alessio Carpegna , Alessandro Savino , Stefano Di Carlo

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), as an emerging biologically inspired computational model, demonstrate significant energy efficiency advantages due to their event-driven information processing mechanism. Compared to traditional Artificial…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Changqing Xu , Buxuan Song , Yi Liu , Xinfang Liao , Wenbin Zheng , Yintang Yang

Neuromorphic computing and, in particular, spiking neural networks (SNNs) have become an attractive alternative to deep neural networks for a broad range of signal processing applications, processing static and/or temporal inputs from…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Souvik Kundu , Rui-Jie Zhu , Akhilesh Jaiswal , Peter A. Beerel

This survey paper presents a comprehensive examination of Spiking Neural Network (SNN) architecture search (SNNaS) from a unique hardware/software co-design perspective. SNNs, inspired by biological neurons, have emerged as a promising…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Kama Svoboda , Tosiron Adegbija

By exploiting discrete signal processing and simulating brain neuron communication, Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer a low-energy alternative to Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). However, existing SNN models, still face high…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Wenxuan Pan , Feifei Zhao , Bing Han , Haibo Tong , Yi Zeng

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), particularly Spiking Transformers, offer energy-efficient processing of event-based sensor data for healthcare applications. Yet current architectures are rigid: they are trained and deployed as static…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Alberto Ancilotto , Gianluca Amprimo , Stefano Di Carlo , Elisabetta Farella

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer a biologically inspired approach to computer vision that can lead to more efficient processing of visual data with reduced energy consumption. However, maintaining homeostasis within these networks is…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Sanket Kachole , Hussain Sajwani , Fariborz Baghaei Naeini , Dimitrios Makris , Yahya Zweiri