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Developers of text-to-speech synthesizers (TTS) often make use of human raters to assess the quality of synthesized speech. We demonstrate that we can model human raters' mean opinion scores (MOS) of synthesized speech using a deep…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-11-29 Brian Patton , Yannis Agiomyrgiannakis , Michael Terry , Kevin Wilson , Rif A. Saurous , D. Sculley

Short answer scoring (SAS) is the task of grading short text written by a learner. In recent years, deep-learning-based approaches have substantially improved the performance of SAS models, but how to guarantee high-quality predictions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-17 Hiroaki Funayama , Tasuku Sato , Yuichiroh Matsubayashi , Tomoya Mizumoto , Jun Suzuki , Kentaro Inui

Human-generated categorical annotations frequently produce empirical response distributions (soft labels) that reflect ambiguity rather than simple annotator error. We introduce an ambiguity measure that maps a discrete response…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Christopher Klugmann , Daniel Kondermann

Emotion annotation is inherently subjective and cognitively demanding, producing signals that reflect diverse perceptions across annotators rather than a single ground truth. In continuous affect prediction, this variability is typically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Kosmas Pinitas , Ilias Maglogiannis

The laborious and costly nature of affect annotation is a key detrimental factor for obtaining large scale corpora with valid and reliable affect labels. Motivated by the lack of tools that can effectively determine an annotator's…

Open-world point cloud semantic segmentation (OW-Seg) aims to predict point labels of both base and novel classes in real-world scenarios. However, existing methods rely on resource-intensive offline incremental learning or densely…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Peng Zhang , Songru Yang , Jinsheng Sun , Weiqing Li , Zhiyong Su

Supervised systems require human labels for training. But, are humans themselves always impartial during the annotation process? We examine this question in the context of automated assessment of human behavioral tasks. Specifically, we…

Active learning strategically selects informative unlabeled data points and queries their ground truth labels for model training. The prevailing assumption underlying this machine learning paradigm is that acquiring these ground truth…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Wenxiao Xiao , Hongfu Liu

Human feedback has become the de facto standard for evaluating the performance of Large Language Models, and is increasingly being used as a training objective. However, it is not clear which properties of a generated output this single…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Tom Hosking , Phil Blunsom , Max Bartolo

Data is the engine of modern computer vision, which necessitates collecting large-scale datasets. This is expensive, and guaranteeing the quality of the labels is a major challenge. In this paper, we investigate efficient annotation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-27 Yuan-Hong Liao , Amlan Kar , Sanja Fidler

Interactive segmentation plays a crucial role in accelerating the annotation, particularly in domains requiring specialized expertise such as nuclear medicine. For example, annotating lesions in whole-body Positron Emission Tomography (PET)…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-03 Zdravko Marinov , Moon Kim , Jens Kleesiek , Rainer Stiefelhagen

Human evaluation is increasingly critical for assessing large language models, capturing linguistic nuances, and reflecting user preferences more accurately than traditional automated metrics. However, the resource-intensive nature of this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Meriem Boubdir , Edward Kim , Beyza Ermis , Marzieh Fadaee , Sara Hooker

Human evaluation is the foundation upon which the evaluation of both summarization systems and automatic metrics rests. However, existing human evaluation studies for summarization either exhibit a low inter-annotator agreement or have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Yixin Liu , Alexander R. Fabbri , Pengfei Liu , Yilun Zhao , Linyong Nan , Ruilin Han , Simeng Han , Shafiq Joty , Chien-Sheng Wu , Caiming Xiong , Dragomir Radev

Wearable HAR has improved steadily, but most progress still relies on closed-set classification, which limits real-world use. In practice, human activity is open-ended, unscripted, personalized, and often compositional, unfolding as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Lala Shakti Swarup Ray , Mengxi Liu , Alcina Pinto , Deepika Gurung , Daniel Geissler , Paul Lukowoicz , Bo Zhou

Recent studies emphasize the need of document context in human evaluation of machine translations, but little research has been done on the impact of user interfaces on annotator productivity and the reliability of assessments. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Roman Grundkiewicz , Marcin Junczys-Dowmunt , Christian Federmann , Tom Kocmi

Machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) systems rely heavily on human-annotated data for training and evaluation. A major challenge in this context is the occurrence of annotation errors, as their effects can degrade model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Heinrich Peters , Alireza Hashemi , James Rae

I present a tool which tells the quality of document or its usefulness based on annotations. Annotation may include comments, notes, observation, highlights, underline, explanation, question or help etc. comments are used for evaluative…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2011-11-08 Archana Shukla

The rise of online platforms exacerbated the spread of hate speech, demanding scalable and effective detection. However, the accuracy of hate speech detection systems heavily relies on human-labeled data, which is inherently susceptible to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Tommaso Giorgi , Lorenzo Cima , Tiziano Fagni , Marco Avvenuti , Stefano Cresci

Machine learning models have shown increased accuracy in classification tasks when the training process incorporates human perceptual information. However, a challenge in training human-guided models is the cost associated with collecting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Colton R. Crum , Aidan Boyd , Kevin Bowyer , Adam Czajka

In this paper, we introduce a selective zero-shot classification problem: how can the classifier avoid making dubious predictions? Existing attribute-based zero-shot classification methods are shown to work poorly in the selective…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-07-20 Jie Song , Chengchao Shen , Jie Lei , An-Xiang Zeng , Kairi Ou , Dacheng Tao , Mingli Song
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