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The Cosmological Principle, which states that the Universe is homogeneous and isotropic (when averaged on large scales), is the foundational assumption of Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) cosmologies such as the current standard…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-12-15 Nathan Secrest , Sebastian von Hausegger , Mohamed Rameez , Roya Mohayaee , Subir Sarkar

The present matter density of the Universe, while highly inhomogeneous on small scales, displays approximate homogeneity on large scales. We propose that whereas it is justified to use the Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) line…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 Aseem Paranjape , T. P. Singh

The assumption of a flat Universe that follows the cosmological principle, i.e., that the universe is statistically homogeneous and isotropic at large scales, comprises one of the core foundations of the standard cosmological model --…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-04-24 Mariana L. S. Dias , Antônio F. B. da Cunha , Carlos A. P. Bengaly , Rodrigo S. Gonçalves , Jonathan Morais

In this manuscript, we show that three fundamental building blocks are supporting the Cosmological Principle. The first of them states that there is a special frame in the universe where the spatial geometry is intrinsically homogeneous and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-01-05 Leandro G. Gomes

It is often stated that homogeneity and isotropy of the Universe are assumptions of the almost Friedmann-Lema^itre (FL) model (the hot big bang model), inspired from the Copernican Principle. However, only local homogeneity and isotropy are…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-06 Boudewijn F. Roukema

The assumptions of large-scale homogeneity and isotropy underly the familiar Friedmann-Lema\^{\i}tre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric that appears to be an accurate description of our Universe. In this paper, we propose a new strategy of…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2019-10-24 Shuo Cao , Jingzhao Qi , Zhoujian Cao , Marek Biesiada , Jin Li , Yu Pan , Zong-Hong Zhu

Forthcoming large galaxy cluster surveys will yield tight constraints on cosmological models. It has been shown that in an idealized survey, containing > 10,000 clusters, statistical errors on dark energy and other cosmological parameters…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 Joshua D. Younger , Zoltan Haiman , Greg L. Bryan , Sheng Wang

The cosmological principle asserts that the Universe is homogeneous and isotropic on large enough scales. However, alternative cosmological models can bring about anisotropies through local inhomogeneities, anisotropic evolution, or exotic…

An overview of some recent developments in inhomogeneous models is presented. As the volume and precision of cosmological data improves, it will become more and more essential to understand the non-linear behaviour of the Einstein field…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2010-01-06 Charles Hellaby

Cosmology relies on the Cosmological Principle, i.e., the hypothesis that the Universe is homogeneous and isotropic on large scales. This implies in particular that the counts of galaxies should approach a homogeneous scaling with volume at…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2018-01-26 R. S. Gonçalves , G. C. Carvalho , C. A. P. Bengaly , J. C. Carvalho , A. Bernui , J. S. Alcaniz , R. Maartens

A local void in the globally Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) cosmological model is studied. The inhomogeneity is described using the Lema\^{\i}tre-Tolman-Bondi (LTB) solution with the spherically symmetric matter distribution based on the…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-22 J. W. Moffat , D. C. Tatarski

We will investigate the influence of the inhomogeneity of the universe, especially that of the Lema{\^i}tre-Tolman-Bondi (LTB) model, on a gravitationally bound local system such as the solar system. We concentrate on the dynamical…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-04 Hideyoshi Arakida

We investigate observational tests that can be used to distinguish between broad classes of cosmological models. This is achieved using curvature-consistency tests of the Friedmann-Lema\^{i}tre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) models, which we…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-09 Asta Heinesen , Timothy Clifton

A local void in the globally Friedmann-Robertson-Walker cosmological model with the critical density ($\Omega_{0}=1$) is studied. The inhomogeneity is described using a Lema\^{\i}tre-Tolman-Bondi solution for a spherically symmetric…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-02-03 J. W. Moffat , D. C. Tatarski

As an alternative to dark energy it has been suggested that we may be at the center of an inhomogeneous isotropic universe described by a Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi (LTB) solution of Einstein's field equations. In order to test such an…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2014-11-20 Antonio Enea Romano

In recent years, there have been increasing challenges to the cosmological principle, based on new observations of e.g. supernovae and the cosmic bulk flow. As a result, the cosmological community is speaking their concern for the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-15 Robbert W. Scholtens , Marcello Seri , Holger Waalkens , Rien van de Weygaert

The isotropy and homogeneity of our Universe are the cardinal principles of modern cosmology built on the definition of metric through the prescription by Friedmann-Lema$\hat{i}$tre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW). From the aspects of geometry, the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-03-03 Jiwon Park , Sourav Mridha , Dukjae Jang , Mayukh R. Gangopadhyay , Myung-Ki Cheoun

Acoustic peaks in the spectrum of the cosmic microwave background in spherically symmetric inhomogeneous cosmological models are studied. At the photon-baryon decoupling epoch, the universe may be assumed to be dominated by non-relativistic…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2014-11-20 Chul-Moon Yoo , Ken-ichi Nakao , Misao Sasaki

The assumption of a Friedmann-Lema\^itre-Roberton-Walker (FLRW) Universe is one of the fundamental pillars of modern Cosmology. It is crucial to confront it against cosmological observations in order to confirm (or rule out) the validity of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-02-16 Carlos Bengaly

Assessing the consistency of parameter constraints derived from different cosmological probes is an important way to test the validity of the underlying cosmological model. In an earlier work [Nicola et al., 2017], we computed constraints…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2017-11-01 Andrina Nicola , Adam Amara , Alexandre Refregier