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For large language models (LLMs) to be effective in the financial domain -- where each decision can have a significant impact -- it is necessary to investigate realistic tasks and data. Financial professionals often interact with documents…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Varshini Reddy , Rik Koncel-Kedziorski , Viet Dac Lai , Michael Krumdick , Charles Lovering , Chris Tanner

Legal QA platforms bear the promise to metamorphose the manner in which legal experts engage with jurisprudential documents. In this exposition, we embark on a comparative exploration of contemporary AI frameworks, gauging their adeptness…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Shubham Kumar Nigam , Shubham Kumar Mishra , Ayush Kumar Mishra , Noel Shallum , Arnab Bhattacharya

Legal case retrieval for sourcing similar cases is critical in upholding judicial fairness. Different from general web search, legal case retrieval involves processing lengthy, complex, and highly specialized legal documents. Existing…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-07-01 Chenlong Deng , Kelong Mao , Zhicheng Dou

Despite the strong language understanding abilities of large language models (LLMs), they still struggle with reliable question answering (QA) over long, structured documents, particularly for numerical reasoning. Financial annual reports…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Yi-Cheng Wang , Wei-An Wang , Chu-Song Chen

Question answering (QA) system aims at retrieving precise information from a large collection of documents against a query. This paper describes the architecture of a Natural Language Question Answering (NLQA) system for a specific domain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2013-11-14 Athira P. M. , Sreeja M. , P. C. Reghu Raj

Large Language Models (LLMs) have exhibited impressive generation capabilities, but they suffer from hallucinations when solely relying on their internal knowledge, especially when answering questions that require less commonly known…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Wenting Zhao , Ye Liu , Tong Niu , Yao Wan , Philip S. Yu , Shafiq Joty , Yingbo Zhou , Semih Yavuz

Large Language Models (LLMs) generalize well across language tasks, but suffer from hallucinations and uninterpretability, making it difficult to assess their accuracy without ground-truth. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) models have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Jakub Lála , Odhran O'Donoghue , Aleksandar Shtedritski , Sam Cox , Samuel G. Rodriques , Andrew D. White

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced the development of Legal Artificial Intelligence (Legal AI) in recent years, enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of legal tasks. To advance research and applications of LLM-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Zhitian Hou , Zihan Ye , Nanli Zeng , Tianyong Hao , Kun Zeng

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have gained much attention for the emergence of human-comparable capabilities and huge potential. However, for open-domain implicit question-answering problems, LLMs may not be the ultimate solution…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Chang Liu , Xiaoguang Li , Lifeng Shang , Xin Jiang , Qun Liu , Edmund Y. Lam , Ngai Wong

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is revolutionising the way both professionals and laypersons operate in the legal field. The considerable potential for NLP in the legal sector, especially in developing computational assistance tools for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Farid Ariai , Joel Mackenzie , Gianluca Demartini

As we embark on a new era of LLMs, it becomes increasingly crucial to understand their capabilities, limitations, and differences. Toward making further progress in this direction, we strive to build a deeper understanding of the gaps…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Meghana Moorthy Bhat , Rui Meng , Ye Liu , Yingbo Zhou , Semih Yavuz

We present an empirical study of groundedness in long-form question answering (LFQA) by retrieval-augmented large language models (LLMs). In particular, we evaluate whether every generated sentence is grounded in the retrieved documents or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Alessandro Stolfo

Large Language Models (LLMs), despite extensive pretraining on broad internet corpora, often struggle to adapt effectively to specialized domains. There is growing interest in fine-tuning these models for such domains; however, progress is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Vincent Grari , Ciprian Tomoiaga , Sylvain Lamprier , Tatsunori Hashimoto , Marcin Detyniecki

Long-form question answering (LFQA) demands nuanced evaluation of multi-sentence explanatory responses, yet existing metrics often fail to reflect human judgment. We present LFQA-HP-1M, a large-scale dataset comprising 1.3M human pairwise…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Rafid Ishrak Jahan , Fahmid Shahriar Iqbal , Sagnik Ray Choudhury

Recently, significant efforts have been devoted to enhancing the long-context capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly in long-context reasoning. To facilitate this research, we propose \textbf{DetectiveQA}, a dataset…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Zhe Xu , Jiasheng Ye , Xiaoran Liu , Xiangyang Liu , Tianxiang Sun , Zhigeng Liu , Qipeng Guo , Linlin Li , Qun Liu , Xuanjing Huang , Xipeng Qiu

We introduce KoLasSimpleQA, the first benchmark evaluating the multilingual factual ability of Large Language Models (LLMs). Inspired by existing research, we created the question set with features such as single knowledge point coverage,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Bowen Jiang , Runchuan Zhu , Jiang Wu , Zinco Jiang , Yifan He , Junyuan Gao , Jia Yu , Rui Min , Yinfan Wang , Haote Yang , Songyang Zhang , Dahua Lin , Lijun Wu , Conghui He

Making legal knowledge accessible to non-experts is crucial for enhancing general legal literacy and encouraging civic participation in democracy. However, legal documents are often challenging to understand for people without legal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Hang Jiang , Xiajie Zhang , Robert Mahari , Daniel Kessler , Eric Ma , Tal August , Irene Li , Alex 'Sandy' Pentland , Yoon Kim , Deb Roy , Jad Kabbara

As software-intensive systems face growing pressure to comply with laws and regulations, providing automated support for compliance analysis has become paramount. Despite advances in the Requirements Engineering (RE) community on legal…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Shabnam Hassani , Mehrdad Sabetzadeh , Daniel Amyot , Jain Liao

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has proven highly effective in improving large language models (LLMs) across various domains. However, there is no benchmark specifically designed to assess the effectiveness of RAG in the legal domain,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Haitao Li , Yifan Chen , Yiran Hu , Qingyao Ai , Junjie Chen , Xiaoyu Yang , Jianhui Yang , Yueyue Wu , Zeyang Liu , Yiqun Liu

Medical question-answering (QA) is a critical task for evaluating how effectively large language models (LLMs) encode clinical knowledge and assessing their potential applications in medicine. Despite showing promise on multiple-choice…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Guangfu Guo , Kai Zhang , Bryan Hoo , Yujun Cai , Xiaoqian Lu , Nanyun Peng , Yiwei Wang