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Shapley values have emerged as a critical tool for explaining which features impact the decisions made by machine learning models. However, computing exact Shapley values is difficult, generally requiring an exponential (in the feature…

Shapley values are one of the main tools used to explain predictions of tree ensemble models. The main alternative to Shapley values are Banzhaf values that have not been understood equally well. In this paper we make a step towards filling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-10 Adam Karczmarz , Anish Mukherjee , Piotr Sankowski , Piotr Wygocki

Explaining complex or seemingly simple machine learning models is an important practical problem. We want to explain individual predictions from a complex machine learning model by learning simple, interpretable explanations. Shapley values…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-02-07 Kjersti Aas , Martin Jullum , Anders Løland

Shapley values are model-agnostic methods for explaining model predictions. Many commonly used methods of computing Shapley values, known as off-manifold methods, rely on model evaluations on out-of-distribution input samples. Consequently,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-02-28 Muhammad Faaiz Taufiq , Patrick Blöbaum , Lenon Minorics

Algorithmic decisions in critical domains such as hiring, college admissions, and lending are often based on rankings. Given the impact of these decisions on individuals, organizations, and population groups, it is essential to understand…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Venetia Pliatsika , Joao Fonseca , Kateryna Akhynko , Ivan Shevchenko , Julia Stoyanovich

Nowadays, deep neural networks are widely used in a variety of fields that have a direct impact on society. Although those models typically show outstanding performance, they have been used for a long time as black boxes. To address this,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Huawei Sun , Lorenzo Servadei , Hao Feng , Michael Stephan , Robert Wille , Avik Santra

With the rapid deployment of graph neural networks (GNNs) based techniques into a wide range of applications such as link prediction, node classification, and graph classification the explainability of GNNs has become an indispensable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-03 Yiqiao Li , Jianlong Zhou , Boyuan Zheng , Fang Chen

When using machine learning techniques in decision-making processes, the interpretability of the models is important. In the present paper, we adopted the Shapley additive explanation (SHAP), which is based on fair profit allocation among…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-03 Yasunobu Nohara , Koutarou Matsumoto , Hidehisa Soejima , Naoki Nakashima

Time-series forecasts are essential for planning and decision-making in many domains. Explainability is key to building user trust and meeting transparency requirements. Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) is a popular explainable AI…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Matthias Hertel , Sebastian Pütz , Ralf Mikut , Veit Hagenmeyer , Benjamin Schäfer

In the field of deep learning, researchers often focus on inventing novel neural network models and improving benchmarks. In contrast, application developers are interested in making models suitable for actual products, which involves…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-15 Masao Someki , Yosuke Higuchi , Tomoki Hayashi , Shinji Watanabe

Explaining the predictions of opaque machine learning algorithms is an important and challenging task, especially as complex models are increasingly used to assist in high-stakes decisions such as those arising in healthcare and finance.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-29 David S. Watson

Predictive Process Analytics is becoming an essential aid for organizations, providing online operational support of their processes. However, process stakeholders need to be provided with an explanation of the reasons why a given process…

Prediction accuracy and model explainability are the two most important objectives when developing machine learning algorithms to solve real-world problems. The neural networks are known to possess good prediction performance, but lack of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-09-04 Zebin Yang , Aijun Zhang , Agus Sudjianto

Shapley value-based methods have become foundational in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), offering theoretically grounded feature attributions through cooperative game theory. However, in practice, particularly in vision tasks, the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Xiangyu Zhou , Chenhan Xiao , Yang Weng

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are a powerful tool for machine learning on graphs.GNNs combine node feature information with the graph structure by recursively passing neural messages along edges of the input graph. However, incorporating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-15 Rex Ying , Dylan Bourgeois , Jiaxuan You , Marinka Zitnik , Jure Leskovec

Machine learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) methods are being adopted rapidly, especially in computer network security, such as fraud detection, network anomaly detection, intrusion detection, and much more. However, the lack of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-17 Khushnaseeb Roshan , Aasim Zafar

Shapley Values are concepts established for eXplainable AI. They are used to explain black-box predictive models by quantifying the features' contributions to the model's outcomes. Since computing the exact Shapley Values is known to be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Davide Napolitano , Luca Cagliero

We consider the problem of explaining the predictions of graph neural networks (GNNs), which otherwise are considered as black boxes. Existing methods invariably focus on explaining the importance of graph nodes or edges but ignore the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-02 Hao Yuan , Haiyang Yu , Jie Wang , Kang Li , Shuiwang Ji

The Shapley value is widely regarded as a trustworthy attribution metric. However, when people use Shapley values to explain the attribution of input variables of a deep neural network (DNN), it usually requires a very high computational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-04 Lu Chen , Siyu Lou , Keyan Zhang , Jin Huang , Quanshi Zhang

The value and copyright of training data are crucial in the artificial intelligence industry. Service platforms should protect data providers' legitimate rights and fairly reward them for their contributions. Shapley value, a potent tool…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Haifeng Sun , Yu Xiong , Runze Wu , Xinyu Cai , Changjie Fan , Lan Zhang , Xiang-Yang Li