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Algorithmic recourse aims to provide actionable recommendations to individuals to obtain a more favourable outcome from an automated decision-making system. As it involves reasoning about interventions performed in the physical world,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-06-23 Julius von Kügelgen , Nikita Agarwal , Jakob Zeitler , Afsaneh Mastouri , Bernhard Schölkopf

The recent adoption of machine learning as a tool in real world decision making has spurred interest in understanding how these decisions are being made. Counterfactual Explanations are a popular interpretable machine learning technique…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Andrew O'Brien , Edward Kim

Algorithmic Recourse (AR) aims to provide users with actionable steps to overturn unfavourable decisions made by machine learning predictors. However, these actions often take time to implement (e.g., getting a degree can take years), and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Giovanni De Toni , Stefano Teso , Bruno Lepri , Andrea Passerini

The problem of algorithmic recourse has been explored for supervised machine learning models, to provide more interpretable, transparent and robust outcomes from decision support systems. An unexplored area is that of algorithmic recourse…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-30 Debanjan Datta , Feng Chen , Naren Ramakrishnan

As machine learning is increasingly used to inform consequential decision-making (e.g., pre-trial bail and loan approval), it becomes important to explain how the system arrived at its decision, and also suggest actions to achieve a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-09 Amir-Hossein Karimi , Bernhard Schölkopf , Isabel Valera

Algorithmic recourse provides individuals who receive undesirable outcomes from machine learning systems with minimum-cost improvements to achieve a desirable outcome. However, machine learning models often get updated, so the recourse may…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Kshitij Kayastha , Vasilis Gkatzelis , Shahin Jabbari

As machine learning continues to gain prominence, transparency and explainability are increasingly critical. Without an understanding of these models, they can replicate and worsen human bias, adversely affecting marginalized communities.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Dongwhi Kim , Nuno Moniz

Data-driven methods that detect anomalies in times series data are ubiquitous in practice, but they are in general unable to provide helpful explanations for the predictions they make. In this work we propose a model-agnostic algorithm that…

The trustworthiness of AI decision-making systems is increasingly important. A key feature of such systems is the ability to provide recommendations for how an individual may reverse a negative decision, a problem known as algorithmic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Drago Plecko , Collin Wang , Elias Bareinboim

Counterfactuals operationalised through algorithmic recourse have become a powerful tool to make artificial intelligence systems explainable. Conceptually, given an individual classified as y -- the factual -- we seek actions such that…

The application of Algorithmic Recourse in decision-making is a promising field that offers practical solutions to reverse unfavorable decisions. However, the inability of these methods to consider potential dependencies among variables…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Isacco Beretta , Martina Cinquini

Algorithmic recourse seeks to provide individuals with actionable recommendations that increase their chances of receiving favorable outcomes from automated decision systems (e.g., loan approvals). While prior research has emphasized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Marina Ceccon , Alessandro Fabris , Goran Radanović , Asia J. Biega , Gian Antonio Susto

Existing work on Counterfactual Explanations (CE) and Algorithmic Recourse (AR) has largely focused on single individuals in a static environment: given some estimated model, the goal is to find valid counterfactuals for an individual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-17 Patrick Altmeyer , Giovan Angela , Aleksander Buszydlik , Karol Dobiczek , Arie van Deursen , Cynthia C. S. Liem

Algorithmic recourse explanations inform stakeholders on how to act to revert unfavorable predictions. However, in general ML models do not predict well in interventional distributions. Thus, an action that changes the prediction in the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-07-19 Gunnar König , Timo Freiesleben , Moritz Grosse-Wentrup

There are numerous methods for detecting anomalies in time series, but that is only the first step to understanding them. We strive to exceed this by explaining those anomalies. Thus we develop a novel attribution scheme for multivariate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-15 Violeta Teodora Trifunov , Maha Shadaydeh , Björn Barz , Joachim Denzler

As predictive models are increasingly being deployed in high-stakes decision making (e.g., loan approvals), there has been growing interest in post hoc techniques which provide recourse to affected individuals. These techniques generate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-14 Sohini Upadhyay , Shalmali Joshi , Himabindu Lakkaraju

Anomalies in univariate time series often refer to abnormal values and deviations from the temporal patterns from majority of historical observations. In multivariate time series, anomalies also refer to abnormal changes in the inter-series…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Katrina Chen , Mingbin Feng , Tony S. Wirjanto

Anomaly detection is the process of identifying unexpected events or ab-normalities in data, and it has been applied in many different areas such as system monitoring, fraud detection, healthcare, intrusion detection, etc. Providing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-11 Ming-Chang Lee , Jia-Chun Lin , Ernst Gunnar Gran

Algorithmic recourse seeks to provide actionable recommendations for individuals to overcome unfavorable classification outcomes from automated decision-making systems. Recourse recommendations should ideally be robust to reasonably small…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Ricardo Dominguez-Olmedo , Amir-Hossein Karimi , Bernhard Schölkopf

Multivariate time series anomalies often manifest as shifts in cross-channel dependencies rather than simple amplitude excursions. In autonomous driving, for instance, a steering command might be internally consistent but decouple from the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Kadir-Kaan Özer , René Ebeling , Markus Enzweiler
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