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Data annotation is crucial for developing machine learning solutions. The current paradigm is to hire ordinary human annotators to annotate data instructed by expert-crafted guidelines. As this paradigm is laborious, tedious, and costly, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Yechi Ma , Wei Hua , Shu Kong

With the surging inclination towards carrying out tasks on computational devices and digital mediums, any method that converts a task that was previously carried out manually, to a digitized version, is always welcome. Irrespective of the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-19 Pranav Guruprasad , Sujith Kumar S , Vigneswaran C , V. Srinivasa Chakravarthy

Purpose: Segmentation of surgical instruments in endoscopic videos is essential for automated surgical scene understanding and process modeling. However, relying on fully supervised deep learning for this task is challenging because manual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-03 Manish Sahu , Anirban Mukhopadhyay , Stefan Zachow

Intensive care units (ICU) generate long, dense and evolving streams of clinical information, where physicians must repeatedly reassess patient states under time pressure, underscoring a clear need for reliable AI decision support. Existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Chengzhi Shen , Weixiang Shen , Tobias Susetzky , Chen , Chen , Jun Li , Yuyuan Liu , Xuepeng Zhang , Zhenyu Gong , Daniel Rueckert , Jiazhen Pan

Many annotation tools have been developed, covering a wide variety of tasks and providing features like user management, pre-processing, and automatic labeling. However, all of these tools use Graphical User Interfaces, and often require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-05 Jonathan K. Kummerfeld

Even when actual technologies present the potential to augment inclusion and the United Nations has been stablished the digital access to information as a human right, people with disabilities continuously faced barriers in their…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2023-02-02 Johanna Casado , Beatriz García , Poshak Gandhi , Wanda Díaz-Merced

Current day pain assessment methods rely on patient self-report or by an observer like the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) nurses. Patient self-report is subjective to the individual and suffers due to poor recall. Pain assessment by manual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-05-06 Subhash Nerella , Azra Bihorac , Patrick Tighe , Parisa Rashidi

Context: Use case (UC) descriptions are a prominent format for specifying functional requirements. Existing literature abounds with recommendations on how to write high-quality UC descriptions but lacks insights into (1) their real-world…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Julian Frattini , Anja Frattini

Large amounts of annotated data have become more important than ever, especially since the rise of deep learning techniques. However, manual annotations are costly. We propose a tool that enables researchers to create large, high-quality,…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2021-12-23 Franziska Weeber , Felix Hamborg , Karsten Donnay , Bela Gipp

Modern software development requires developers to find and effectively utilize new APIs and their documentation, but documentation has many well-known issues. Despite this, developers eventually overcome these issues but have no way of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-01-12 Amber Horvath , Michael Xieyang Liu , River Hendriksen , Connor Shannon , Emma Paterson , Kazi Jawad , Andrew Macvean , Brad A. Myers

Medical coding is a complex task, requiring assignment of a subset of over 72,000 ICD codes to a patient's notes. Modern natural language processing approaches to these tasks have been challenged by the length of the input and size of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-17 Jay DeYoung , Han-Chin Shing , Luyang Kong , Christopher Winestock , Chaitanya Shivade

Hand-annotated data can vary due to factors such as subjective differences, intra-rater variability, and differing annotator expertise. We study annotations from different experts who labelled the same behavior classes on a set of animal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Megan Tjandrasuwita , Jennifer J. Sun , Ann Kennedy , Swarat Chaudhuri , Yisong Yue

Annotation is the labeling of data by human effort. Annotation is critical to modern machine learning, and Bloomberg has developed years of experience of annotation at scale. This report captures a wealth of wisdom for applied annotation…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-09-25 Tina Tseng , Amanda Stent , Domenic Maida

Within the intensive care unit (ICU), a wealth of patient data, including clinical measurements and clinical notes, is readily available. This data is a valuable resource for comprehending patient health and informing medical decisions, but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Ryan King , Tianbao Yang , Bobak Mortazavi

We present a corpus of 5,000 richly annotated abstracts of medical articles describing clinical randomized controlled trials. Annotations include demarcations of text spans that describe the Patient population enrolled, the Interventions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-06-13 Benjamin Nye , Junyi Jessy Li , Roma Patel , Yinfei Yang , Iain J. Marshall , Ani Nenkova , Byron C. Wallace

Computerised clinical coding approaches aim to automate the process of assigning a set of codes to medical records. While there is active research pushing the state of the art on clinical coding for hospitalized patients, the outpatient…

Clinical notes contain a large amount of clinically valuable information that is ignored in many clinical decision support systems due to the difficulty that comes with mining that information. Recent work has found success leveraging deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-13 Justin R. Lovelace , Nathan C. Hurley , Adrian D. Haimovich , Bobak J. Mortazavi

Audio-visual learning seeks to enhance the computer's multi-modal perception leveraging the correlation between the auditory and visual modalities. Despite their many useful downstream tasks, such as video retrieval, AR/VR, and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-07-31 Zheng Zhang , Zheng Ning , Chenliang Xu , Yapeng Tian , Toby Jia-Jun Li

The laborious and costly nature of affect annotation is a key detrimental factor for obtaining large scale corpora with valid and reliable affect labels. Motivated by the lack of tools that can effectively determine an annotator's…

Background and objective: The usage of machine learning in medical diagnosis and treatment has witnessed significant growth in recent years through the development of computer-aided diagnosis systems that are often relying on annotated…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-17 Mateja Napravnik , Franko Hržić , Sebastian Tschauner , Ivan Štajduhar