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This paper addresses the task of score following in sheet music given as unprocessed images. While existing work either relies on OMR software to obtain a computer-readable score representation, or crucially relies on prepared sheet image…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-22 Florian Henkel , Rainer Kelz , Gerhard Widmer

This paper addresses the problem of sheet-image-based on-line audio-to-score alignment also known as score following. Drawing inspiration from object detection, a conditional neural network architecture is proposed that directly predicts…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Florian Henkel , Gerhard Widmer

This paper studies the problem of automatically generating piano score following videos given an audio recording and raw sheet music images. Whereas previous works focus on synthetic sheet music where the data has been cleaned and…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2020-07-30 Mengyi Shan , TJ Tsai

VisionScores presents a novel proposal being the first system-segmented image score dataset, aiming to offer structure-rich, high information-density images for machine and deep learning tasks. Delimited to two-handed piano pieces, it was…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Alejandro Romero Amezcua , Mariano José Juan Rivera Meraz

In this demo we show a novel approach to score following. Instead of relying on some symbolic representation, we are using a multi-modal convolutional neural network to match the incoming audio stream directly to sheet music images. This…

Sound · Computer Science 2016-12-16 Matthias Dorfer , Andreas Arzt , Sebastian Böck , Amaury Durand , Gerhard Widmer

Curriculum learning strategies in prior multi-task learning approaches arrange datasets in a difficulty hierarchy either based on human perception or by exhaustively searching the optimal arrangement. However, human perception of difficulty…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-30 Neeraj Varshney , Swaroop Mishra , Chitta Baral

This paper introduces a new large-scale music dataset, MusicNet, to serve as a source of supervision and evaluation of machine learning methods for music research. MusicNet consists of hundreds of freely-licensed classical music recordings…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-04-07 John Thickstun , Zaid Harchaoui , Sham Kakade

The automated creation of accurate musical notation from an expressive human performance is a fundamental task in computational musicology. To this end, we present an end-to-end deep learning approach that constructs detailed musical scores…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Tim Beyer , Angela Dai

In this paper, we explore the tokenized representation of musical scores using the Transformer model to automatically generate musical scores. Thus far, sequence models have yielded fruitful results with note-level (MIDI-equivalent)…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-12-02 Masahiro Suzuki

Musical features and descriptors could be coarsely divided into three levels of complexity. The bottom level contains the basic building blocks of music, e.g., chords, beats and timbre. The middle level contains concepts that emerge from…

Sound · Computer Science 2018-06-14 Anna Aljanaki , Mohammad Soleymani

Linking sheet music images to audio recordings remains a key problem for the development of efficient cross-modal music retrieval systems. One of the fundamental approaches toward this task is to learn a cross-modal embedding space via deep…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-09-22 Luis Carvalho , Tobias Washüttl , Gerhard Widmer

Enhancing the ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) to interpret sheet music is a crucial step toward building AI musicians. However, current research lacks both evaluation benchmarks and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Zhilin Wang , Zhe Yang , Yun Luo , Yafu Li , Xiaoye Qu , Ziqian Qiao , Haoran Zhang , Runzhe Zhan , Derek F. Wong , Jizhe Zhou , Yu Cheng

Music scores are used to precisely store music pieces for transmission and preservation. To represent and manipulate these complex objects, various formats have been tailored for different use cases. While music notation follows specific…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Géré Léo , Nicolas Audebert , Florent Jacquemard

Current models for audio--sheet music retrieval via multimodal embedding space learning use convolutional neural networks with a fixed-size window for the input audio. Depending on the tempo of a query performance, this window captures more…

Sound · Computer Science 2018-09-18 Matthias Dorfer , Jan Hajič , Gerhard Widmer

We propose different methods for alternative representation and visual augmentation of sheet music that help users gain an overview of general structure, repeating patterns, and the similarity of segments. To this end, we explored mapping…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-08-14 Frank Heyen , Quynh Quang Ngo , Michael Sedlmair

Audio-to-score alignment is a long-standing challenge in music information retrieval and arguably the most widely applicable alignment task for music research. Alignment algorithms match two versions of a piece of music, and for this to…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Silvan Peter , Patricia Hu , Gerhard Widmer

This paper approaches the problem of separating the notes from a quantized symbolic music piece (e.g., a MIDI file) into multiple voices and staves. This is a fundamental part of the larger task of music score engraving (or score…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-01 Francesco Foscarin , Emmanouil Karystinaios , Eita Nakamura , Gerhard Widmer

We present an automatic piano transcription system that converts polyphonic audio recordings into musical scores. This has been a long-standing problem of music information processing, and recent studies have made remarkable progress in the…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Kentaro Shibata , Eita Nakamura , Kazuyoshi Yoshii

Adapting learning materials to the level of skill of a student is important in education. In the context of music training, one essential ability is sight-reading -- playing unfamiliar scores at first sight -- which benefits from…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Pedro Ramoneda , Masahiro Suzuki , Akira Maezawa , Xavier Serra

We propose a framework for audio-to-score alignment on piano performance that employs automatic music transcription (AMT) using neural networks. Even though the AMT result may contain some errors, the note prediction output can be regarded…

Sound · Computer Science 2017-11-15 Taegyun Kwon , Dasaem Jeong , Juhan Nam