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Contrastive representation learning has been outstandingly successful in practice. In this work, we identify two key properties related to the contrastive loss: (1) alignment (closeness) of features from positive pairs, and (2) uniformity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-17 Tongzhou Wang , Phillip Isola

Contrastive learning has become pivotal in unsupervised representation learning, with frameworks like Momentum Contrast (MoCo) effectively utilizing large negative sample sets to extract discriminative features. However, traditional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Duy Hoang , Huy Ngo , Khoi Pham , Tri Nguyen , Gia Bao , Huy Phan

Noise contrastive learning is a popular technique for unsupervised representation learning. In this approach, a representation is obtained via reduction to supervised learning, where given a notion of semantic similarity, the learner tries…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-21 Jordan T. Ash , Surbhi Goel , Akshay Krishnamurthy , Dipendra Misra

Many leading self-supervised methods for unsupervised representation learning, in particular those for embedding image features, are built on variants of the instance discrimination task, whose optimization is known to be prone to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Daniel Shalam , Simon Korman

Although deep neural networks achieve tremendous success on various classification tasks, the generalization ability drops sheer when training datasets exhibit long-tailed distributions. One of the reasons is that the learned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-27 Xuantong Liu , Jianfeng Zhang , Tianyang Hu , He Cao , Lujia Pan , Yuan Yao

Unsupervised learning has recently made exceptional progress because of the development of more effective contrastive learning methods. However, CNNs are prone to depend on low-level features that humans deem non-semantic. This dependency…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-04 Songwei Ge , Shlok Mishra , Haohan Wang , Chun-Liang Li , David Jacobs

We present a principled and simplified design of the projector and loss function for non-contrastive self-supervised learning based on hyperdimensional computing. We theoretically demonstrate that this design introduces an inductive bias…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Emanuele Sansone , Tim Lebailly , Tinne Tuytelaars

Recently, a variety of methods under the name of non-contrastive learning (like BYOL, SimSiam, SwAV, DINO) show that when equipped with some asymmetric architectural designs, aligning positive pairs alone is sufficient to attain good…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Zhijian Zhuo , Yifei Wang , Jinwen Ma , Yisen Wang

Last couple of years have witnessed a tremendous progress in self-supervised learning (SSL), the success of which can be attributed to the introduction of useful inductive biases in the learning process to learn meaningful visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Abhishek Jha , Matthew B. Blaschko , Yuki M. Asano , Tinne Tuytelaars

Centralized training is the standard paradigm in deep learning, enabling models to learn from a unified dataset in a single location. In such setup, isotropic feature distributions naturally arise as a mean to support well-structured and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Chiara Lanza , Roberto Pereira , Marco Miozzo , Eduard Angelats , Paolo Dini

Contrastive learning, a dominant self-supervised technique, emphasizes similarity in representations between augmentations of the same input and dissimilarity for different ones. Although low contrastive loss often correlates with high…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Yunzhe Zhang , Yao Lu , Qi Xuan

How can neural networks trained by contrastive learning extract features from the unlabeled data? Why does contrastive learning usually need much stronger data augmentations than supervised learning to ensure good representations? These…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-06 Zixin Wen , Yuanzhi Li

Although the self-supervised pre-training of transformer models has resulted in the revolutionizing of natural language processing (NLP) applications and the achievement of state-of-the-art results with regard to various benchmarks, this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-26 Xiang Chen , Xin Xie , Zhen Bi , Hongbin Ye , Shumin Deng , Ningyu Zhang , Huajun Chen

Self-supervised visual representation learning aims to learn useful representations without relying on human annotations. Joint embedding approach bases on maximizing the agreement between embedding vectors from different views of the same…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Li Jing , Pascal Vincent , Yann LeCun , Yuandong Tian

For a widely-studied data model and general loss and sample-hardening functions we prove that the losses of Supervised Contrastive Learning (SCL), Hard-SCL (HSCL), and Unsupervised Contrastive Learning (UCL) are minimized by representations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Ruijie Jiang , Thuan Nguyen , Shuchin Aeron , Prakash Ishwar

We study the learning dynamics of self-predictive learning for reinforcement learning, a family of algorithms that learn representations by minimizing the prediction error of their own future latent representations. Despite its recent…

Contrastive self-supervised learning (CSL) has managed to match or surpass the performance of supervised learning in image and video classification. However, it is still largely unknown if the nature of the representations induced by the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Rohit Gupta , Naveed Akhtar , Ajmal Mian , Mubarak Shah

Contrastive learning has emerged as a powerful framework for learning generalizable representations, yet its theoretical understanding remains limited, particularly under imbalanced data distributions that are prevalent in real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Haixu Liao , Yating Zhou , Songyang Zhang , Meng Wang , Shuai Zhang

Contrastive learning (CL) methods effectively learn data representations in a self-supervision manner, where the encoder contrasts each positive sample over multiple negative samples via a one-vs-many softmax cross-entropy loss. By…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-16 Huangjie Zheng , Xu Chen , Jiangchao Yao , Hongxia Yang , Chunyuan Li , Ya Zhang , Hao Zhang , Ivor Tsang , Jingren Zhou , Mingyuan Zhou

We study three intriguing properties of contrastive learning. First, we generalize the standard contrastive loss to a broader family of losses, and we find that various instantiations of the generalized loss perform similarly under the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Ting Chen , Calvin Luo , Lala Li