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Amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) is an important precursor for biomineralisation in marine organisms. Among the key outstanding problems regarding ACC are how best to understand its structure and how to rationalise its metastability as an…
Proteins can combine into functional elements in living cells or self-assemble into unwanted structures in a number of diseases. The resulting aggregates often display filamentous morphologies across a large range of protein shapes and…
Recent experiments have illuminated a remarkable growth mechanism of rod-shaped bacteria: proteins associated with cell wall extension move at constant velocity in circles oriented approximately along the cell circumference (Garner et al.,…
Despite the variety of protein sizes, shapes, and backbone configurations found in nature, the design of novel protein folds remains an open problem. Within simple lattice models it has been shown that all structures are not equally…
Based on laboratory based growth of plant-like structures from inorganic materials, we present new theory for the emergence of plant structure at a range of scales dictated by levels of ionization (charge density), which can be traced…
Cancer segmentation in whole-slide images is a fundamental step for viable tumour burden estimation, which is of great value for cancer assessment. However, factors like vague boundaries or small regions dissociated from viable tumour areas…
A formalism is developed which allows to determine the locations of all local symmetry axes of three-dimensional particles with overall icosahedral symmetry. It relies on the fact that the root system of the non-crystallographic Coxeter…
Amphiphilic molecules spontaneously form self-assembly structures based on physical conditions such as molecular structure, concentration, and temperature. These structures exhibit various useful functions according to their morphology. The…
The protein folding problem must ultimately be solved on all length scales from the atomic up through a hierarchy of complicated structures. By analyzing the stability of the folding process using physics and mathematics, this paper shows…
Previous self-assembly experiments on a model icosahedral plant virus have shown that, under physiological conditions, capsid proteins initially bind to the genome through an en masse mechanism and form nucleoprotein complexes in a…
Complex crystal structures are composed of multiple local environments, and how this type of order emerges spontaneously during crystal growth has yet to be fully understood. We study crystal growth across various structures and along…
DNA nanostructures with programmable shape and interactions can be used as building blocks for the self-assembly of crystalline materials with prescribed nanoscale features, holding a vast technological potential. Structural rigidity and…
Architected materials derive their properties from the geometric arrangement of their internal structural elements. Their designs rely on continuous networks of members to control the global mechanical behavior of the bulk. Here, we…
Instead of conformation states of single residues, refined conformation states of quintuplets are proposed to reflect conformation correlation. Simple hidden Markov models combining with sliding window scores are used for predicting…
The evolution of occupied volume under progressive fragmentation of granular matter is studied using a purely geometric model. Rather than modelling disorder directly, properties are investigated by analysing highly ordered reference…
Studies of how protein fold have shown that the way protein clumps form in the test tube is similar to how proteins form the so-called ``amyloid'' deposits that are the pathological signal of a variety of diseases, among them the memory…
Solid tumours have the ability to assemble their own vascular network for optimizing their access to the vital nutrients. These new capillaries are morphologically different from normal physiological vessels. In particular, they have a much…
The biological function of a protein stems from its 3-dimensional structure, which is thermodynamically determined by the energetics of interatomic forces between its amino acid building blocks (the order of amino acids, known as the…
In this work, we discovered a fundamental connection between selection for protein stability and emergence of preferred structures of proteins. Using standard exact 3-dimensional lattice model we evolve sequences starting from random ones…
Circular permutation connects the N and C termini of a protein and concurrently cleaves elsewhere in the chain, providing an important mechanism for generating novel protein fold and functions. However, their in genomes is unknown because…